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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 43 > Flashcards

Chapter 43 Flashcards

1
Q

Where must water/electrolytes be balanced?

A
  • inside the cells
  • interstitial spaces (between cells)
  • in blood vessels
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2
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A
  • a molecule whose bonds permit breakup into ions
  • when put into a solution, it will break into ions
  • ex. NaCl
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3
Q

What are anions?

A
  • negatively charged ions

- proteins

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4
Q

What are cations?

A

-positively charged ions

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5
Q

What percent of our body weight is water?

A
  • 45-75%

- depending on size and fat content

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6
Q

What are the body fluid compartments?

A
  • intracellular fluid

- extracellular fluid

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7
Q

Where is the intracellular compartment?

A
  • inside the cells
  • cytosol
  • makes up 2/3 of body fluids
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8
Q

What makes up the extracellular compartment?

A
  • plasma found in blood vessels (20%)
  • interstitial fluid (80%)
  • makes up 1/3 of body fluids
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9
Q

How does plasma fluid differ from interstitial fluids?

A
  • plasma has more anions due to more proteins

- they are chemically similar

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10
Q

How does intracellular fluid differ from extracellular fluid?

  • sodium
  • chloride
  • potassium
  • calcium
  • phosphate
  • bicarbonate
  • magnesium
A
  • sodium: most abundant cation in ECF
  • chloride: most abundant anion in ECF
  • potassium: most abundant cation in ICF
  • calcium: most abundant mineral, mainly ECF cation
  • phosphate: important ICF anion
  • bicarbonate: second most abundant anion in ECF
  • magnesium: important cation in ICF
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11
Q

Why is sodium important?

A
  • necessary for action potentials
  • is responsible for 50% of osmolarity of ECF
  • 90% of the ECF cations
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12
Q

Why is potassium important?

A
  • establishes resting membrane potential
  • maintenance of normal ICF volume
  • regulates pH
  • followed by Chloride
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13
Q

Why is calcium important?

A
  • blood clotting
  • neurotransmitter release
  • muscle tone
  • regulated by parathyroid hormone
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14
Q

Why is phosphate important?

A
  • important buffer to Hydrogen (pH)

- bound to ATP and DNA/RNA

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15
Q

Why is magnesium important?

A
  • cofactor for enzymes
  • neural synapse
  • neuromuscular activity
  • heart muscle function
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16
Q

How does the body gain water?

A
  • ingestion

- metabolic processes

17
Q

What is the metabolic process that creates water?

A
  • cellular respiration

- electron transport train

18
Q

How does the body lose water?

A
  • kidneys (urine)
  • lungs (humidified CO2)
  • skin (sweating)
  • intestines (secreted with digestive juices)
19
Q

How is urine volume regulated?

A
  • depends on water intake that is regulated by the thirst center in the hypothalamus
  • glomerular filtration rate (do not want to change)
  • rate of water reabsorption by the renal tubules
20
Q

What hormones regulate water reabsorption?

A
  • ADH
  • Aldosterone
  • Atrial natriuretic hormone
21
Q

What abnormal conditions cause fluid loss? Why?

A
  • hyperventilation
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • something is wrong pathologically
22
Q

What influences how much water and electrolytes pass between the interstitial fluid and plasma?

A
  • blood hydrostatic pressure
  • blood colloid osmotic pressure
  • interstitial hydrostatic pressure
  • interstitial colloid osmotic pressure
23
Q

What is blood hydrostatic pressure?

A

-the pressure of the fluid to get out of the blood vessel on the arteriole side

24
Q

What is blood colloid osmotic pressure?

A
  • moving the water back into the capillary on the venous side
  • depends on the electrolyte concentration gradient (Na and K)
25
Q

What is interstitial hydrostatic pressure?

A

-the pressure of the fluid from the interstital spaces into the vessel

26
Q

What is interstitial colloid osmotic pressure?

A

-the need of the water to travel into the interstitial space

27
Q

What direction is the force of each of these pressures?

A
  • blood hydrostatic pressure: out of arteriole
  • blood colloid osmotic pressure: into venule
  • interstitial hydrostatic pressure: into vessel
  • interstitial colloid osmotic pressure: out of vessel
28
Q

What influences how much water and electrolytes pass between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid?

A

-the concentration of water and the electrolytes

29
Q

How are proteins distributed?

A
  • plasma has more proteins than interstitial fluid

- cytosol has waaaaay more proteins than extracellular fluid

30
Q

What would happen if sodium concentration decreases in interstitial fluid?

A
  • failure of the action potential

- numbness, tingling, convulsions

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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