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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 35 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the upper system of the respiratory tract?

A
  • outside the thorax
  • nose
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
  • larynx
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2
Q

What are the components of the lower system of the respiratory tract?

A

-trachea
-bronchial tree
lungs

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3
Q

What are the accessory structures to the respiratory tract?

A
  • oral cavity
  • ribcage
  • respiratory muscles
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4
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory tract?

A
  • to filter, warm, and moisten air
  • conduct to lungs
  • gas exchange
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5
Q

What is the function of the nose?

A
  • warm, moisten, and filter incoming air
  • detect olfactory stimuli
  • modify speech vibrations
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6
Q

What is the external nose? What makes it up?

A
  • the protruding nose
  • bone framework
  • cartilaginous framework
  • external nara (nostrils)
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7
Q

What makes up the internal nose?

A
  • palatine bones
  • cribriform plate
  • 3 meatuses
  • 3 concha
  • ducts of sinuses
  • nasal vestibule (opening)
  • nasal septum (division between both sides)
  • nasal cavity (posterior part of the nose; behind the vestibule)
  • posterior internal nares
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8
Q

What is cleft palate?

A

-when the palatine bones fail to fuse properly

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9
Q

What is the function of the posterior nares?

A

-to allow the air to pass from the nasal cavity to the pharynx

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10
Q

What are meatuses?

A
  • 3 valleys
  • contain ducts that lead to sinuses
  • superior, middle, inferior
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11
Q

What are concha?

A
  • 3 mountains
  • to spin the air around so it can get warm, moist, and clean
  • superior, middle, inferior
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12
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the nasal mucosa? Why would the olfactory epithelium be different?

A

-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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13
Q

What is the purpose of cilia in the nose?

A

-to move the mucous around

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14
Q

What are paranasal sinuses? Function?

A
  • sinuses around and above the nose

- lighten weight of skull

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15
Q

Where do paranasal sinuses drain?

A

-drain into the nasal cavity

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16
Q

What are the four types of paranasal sinuses?

A
  • frontal sinuses
  • maxillary sinuses
  • sphenoid sinuses
  • ethmoid air cells
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17
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx?

A
  • passageway for food and air

- resonating chamber for sound

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18
Q

What are the divisions of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx (behind the nose)
  • oropharynx (behind the mouth)
  • laryngopharynx (from hyoid bone to esophagus)
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19
Q

Where is the nasopharynx located?

A

-posterior nasal cavity to soft palate

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20
Q

How many openings are there in the nasopharynx and what are they?

A
  • 5 total
  • 2 posterior nares
  • 2 Eustachian tubes
  • 1 opening to the oropharynx
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21
Q

What tonsils are found in the nasal pharynx?

A

-pharyngeal tonsils on the posterior edge

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22
Q

Can the nasopharynx do both respiration and digestion?

A

-only respiration

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23
Q

Where is the oropharynx located?

A

-soft palate to inferior edge of hyoid bone

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24
Q

How many openings are there in the oropharynx and what are they?

A
  • 1

- fauces: only opening from the mouth

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25
Q

What tonsils are found in the oropharynx?

A
  • palatine tonsils

- lingual tonsils

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26
Q

Can the oropharynx do both respiration and digestion?

A

-both respiration and digestion

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27
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx?

A

-from hyoid bone to esophagus

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28
Q

Can the laryngopharynx do both respiration and digestion?

A

-both respiration and digestion

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29
Q

What is the order of divisions of the pharynx from superior to inferior?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngophaynx
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30
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

-connects laryngopharynx with trachea

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31
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A
  • directs food and liquids to esophagus

- vibration of vocal cords to produce sound

32
Q

How many cartilages make up the larynx? What are they?

A
  • 9 cartilages
  • 1 thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
  • 1 epiglottis (prevents food from entering the trachea)
  • 1 cricoid (is a full circle)
  • 2 arytenoid (L shaped)
  • 2 cuneiform (bump at end of epiglottis)
  • 2 corniculate (on top of arytenoid)
33
Q

Which larynx cartilages are paired? Singular?

A
  • 1 thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
  • 1 epiglottis
  • 1 cricoid
  • 2 arytenoid
  • 2 cuneiform
  • 2 corniculate
34
Q

How many folds are there?

A

-2 pairs

35
Q

What are the folds?

A
  • vestibular (ventricular) folds

- vocal folds

36
Q

What are the true vocal cords and what are the false vocal cords?

A
  • true: vocal folds

- false: vestibular folds

37
Q

What is the rima glottidis? Location?

A
  • space between vocal cords

- in the narrowest part of the larynx where air moves

38
Q

What muscles cause abduction of the vocal folds?

A
  • posterior cricoarytenoid muscles

- causes the rima glottidis to widen

39
Q

What muscles cause adduction of the vocal folds?

A
  • lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

- causes rima glottidis to narrow

40
Q

What actually produces sound?

A

-vibrations of the vocal cords

41
Q

Where is the trachea located? Structure?

A
  • from the larynx to 5th thoracic vertebra
  • 16 to 20 C shaped cartilage rings
  • posterior aspect is made of the trachealis muscle
42
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

-passageway for air

43
Q

What is the significance of the C shape of the trachea rings?

A
  • because the esophagus sits behind the trachea

- the esophagus needs to stretch into the trachea when swallowing food

44
Q

What is the muscle that makes up the posterior aspect of the trachea?

A

-trachealis muscle

45
Q

What are the four layers of the trachea from deep to superficial?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • hyaline cartilage
  • adventitia
46
Q

What is the function of the bronchi?

A

-continued route for air to lungs

47
Q

What is the carina?

A

-the division of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchus

48
Q

How are the bronchi cartilage rings different from the trachea?

A
  • they are complete rings

- not C shaped

49
Q

What are the primary bronchi?

A

-the lungs

50
Q

What are the secondary bronchi? What do they supply?

A
  • lobes

- supply the lobules

51
Q

What are tertiary bronchi?

A

-the lobules

52
Q

What is the order of branching for the bronchial tree?

A

-primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs containing alveoli

53
Q

When do the cartilaginous rings disappear?

A

-the disappear as the tree divides into bronchioles

54
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A
  • air distribution

- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

55
Q

What is the pleural membrane? What are its layers?

A
  • the membrane covering the heart
  • parietal plural
  • visceral pleura
56
Q

What is the apex of the lung?

A
  • the superior dome-shaped part of the lung

- behind the middle region of the clavicle

57
Q

What is the base of the lung?

A

-the portion of the lung that rests on the diaphragm

58
Q

What is the costal surface of the lung?

A

-surface of the lung lying against the ribs

59
Q

What is a lobe?

A

-first division of the lungs

60
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have? Names?

A
  • three lobes

- superior, middle, inferior

61
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have? Names?

A
  • two lobes

- superior, inferior

62
Q

What is a fissure?

A

-the creases that divide the lobes

63
Q

How many fissures does the right lung have? Names?

A
  • 2
  • oblique fissure
  • horizontal fissure (separated superior and middle lobe
64
Q

How many fissures does the left lung have? Names?

A
  • 1

- oblique fissure

65
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments?

A

-they are served by a separate tertiary bronchus

66
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

-in the alveoli

67
Q

What is the function of alveoli?

A
  • creates an enormous surface area

- gas exchange

68
Q

What is unique about alveoli that allows for gas exchange?

A

-each alveoli is surrounded by a capillary

69
Q

What cells make up alveoli?

A
  • Type I

- Type II

70
Q

What is the purpose of Type I cells? Location?

A
  • contributes to respiratory membrane (really thin)

- alveolar epithelium

71
Q

What is the purpose of Type II cells? Location?

A
  • found in septum of alveoli (between them)

- secretes surfactant fluid

72
Q

What is surfactant? Purpose?

A
  • alveolar fluid
  • decreases friction
  • prevents collapse of alveoli
73
Q

What is the function of the thorax?

A
  • respiration

- allows inhalation and exhalation

74
Q

What are the divisions of the thorax?

A
  • two pleural divisions

- one mediastinum

75
Q

What is the purpose of the pleural layers?

A

-to decrease friction for the lungs and separate them from everything else

76
Q

What makes up the respiratory membrane of the alveoli?

A
  • alveolar epithelium (type I)
  • shared basement membrane
  • capillary endothelium (1 cell thick)

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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