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Nursing 2300 (VIcky Hansen) > Unit 6 - Infection > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Types of microorganisms causing infections:

- most commonly cause infection

A

bacteria

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2
Q

Types of microorganisms causing infections:

- nucleic acid, must enter living cells

A

viruses

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3
Q

Types of microorganisms causing infections:

- yeasts, molds

A

fungi

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4
Q

Types of microorganisms causing infections:

- protozoa, helminths, arthropods

A

parasites

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5
Q

what happens when infection occurs

A

microorganisms invade body part with ineffective defenses

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6
Q

4 types of infection

A
  • local
  • systemic
  • acute
  • chronic
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7
Q

Six links chain of infection:

A
  1. etiological agent
  2. reservoir
  3. portal of exit from reservoir
  4. method of transmission
  5. Portal of entry
  6. Susceptible host
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8
Q

Portal of Entry:

  • skin is _____ to infectious agents
  • break in skin can readily serve as a _____ _____ _____
  • enter the body as the _____ route they left the source
  • mouth, throat, nose, eyes, and genitalia are most frequent _____ _____ _____
A
  • barrier
  • portal of entry
  • same
  • portals of entry
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9
Q

3 methods of transmission

A
  • direct
  • indirect
  • airborne
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10
Q

infants begin to synthesize immune system at _____-_____ months of age

A

1-3

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11
Q

Alterations:
- microorganisms invade human body and proliferate when they are undetected, uncontrolled, or not eliminated by the _____ and _____ responses

A

inflammatory and immune

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12
Q

_____-_____ and _____ routes are most common modes of transmission in children

A

Fecal-Oral and respiratory

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13
Q

T/F: poor hand hygiene is a common source of transmission

A

T

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14
Q

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are all types of _____

A

pathogens

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15
Q

soluble proteins that the microorganisms secrete into surrounding tissue

A

exotoxins

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16
Q

T/F: exotoxins are highly poisonous

A

T

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17
Q

exotoxins cause cell _____ or _____

A

death or dysfunction

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18
Q

Where are endotoxins found

A

in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria

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19
Q

When are endotoxins released

A

only when the cell wall is disrupted

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20
Q

Stages of the infectious process:

A
  1. incubation
  2. prodromal stage
  3. illness
  4. convalescent stage
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21
Q

What happens in the carrier state

A
  • host defenses eliminate infectious disease

- organism continues to multiply

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22
Q

Infections cause predictable diseases depending on the _____ _____

A

infecting microorganism

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23
Q

Complications of infectious diseases:

  • typically _____ to the infecting organism and the body system affected
  • _____ is a severe reaction to infection
  • _____ _____ leads to diffuse cell and tissue injury and potentially to organ failure
A
  • specific
  • sepsis
  • septic shock
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24
Q

_____ infection is the most common type of HAIs

A

UTI

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25
Q

Sources of Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)

A
  • endogenous
  • exogenous
  • latrogenic
26
Q

The 1994 revised HIV pediatric classification system remains the standard for determining…

A

clinical staging and related treatment for children with HIV.

27
Q

Disinfecting:

- used on inanimate objects

A

disinfectant

28
Q

Disinfecting:

- used on skin, tissue

A

antiseptic

29
Q

Disinfecting:

- destroys bacteria

A

bactericidal agents

30
Q

Disinfecting:

- prevents growth

A

bacteriostatic agent

31
Q

T/F: sterilizing destroys all microorganisms

A

T

32
Q

Healthcare workers can prevent most exposures to HIV by using _____ _____. With _____ _____, the healthcare professionals treat all clients alike, eliminating the need to know their HIV status. Treat all high-risk body fluids as if they are infectious, and use barrier precautions to prevent skin, mucous membrane, or percutaneous exposure to these fluids.

A

standard precautions

standard precautions

33
Q

_____ _____ _____ is the single most important measure in infection control

A

effective hand washing

34
Q

T/F: invasive procedures and equipment should only be used when absolutely necessary

A

T

35
Q

T/F: Medical and surgical asepsis is necessary in preventing HAIs

A

T

36
Q

_____ found majority of needlestick injuries preventable

A

NIOSH

37
Q

_____ publishes and enforces regulations to protect healthcare workers for occupational injuries

A

OSHA

38
Q

Assessing clients for infection is vital especially for clients at risk for infection such as those with…

A
  • IV lines
  • Indwelling catheters
  • Surgical wounds
39
Q

S/S of local infection

A
  • edema
  • heat
  • tenderness
40
Q

Increasing fruits and vegetables would increase Vitamin _____, which helps with wound healing, but more _____ would be the best choice

A

C

protein

41
Q

Irrigating with hydrogen peroxide would…

A

break down good granulating tissue, so this would not increase healing

42
Q

Applying lubricating lotion to the edges of a wound would…

A

impede the healing process

43
Q

5 S/S of systemic infections:

  • Temp.
  • HR
  • Energy
  • Appetite
  • Lymph Nodes
A
  • fever
  • increased pulse
  • malaise and loss of energy
  • loss of appetite and, in some situations, nausea and vomiting
  • enlargement or tenderness of lymph nodes that drain area of infection
44
Q

4 special considerations for infection that may cause birth defects:

A
  • rubella
  • cytomegalovirus
  • parvovirus
  • chicken pox
45
Q

4 infections that may be transmitted to the newborn

A
  • HIV
  • Group B Streptococcus
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Listeriosis
46
Q

Are serum electrolyte levels used to determine the presence of a systemic infection

A

No

47
Q

_____ is used to assess for the presence of bacteria or blood in the urine

A

Urinalysis

48
Q

An elevated WBS and 15% bands are indicative of…

A

an infection

49
Q

Wound cultures are used to identify…

A

probably microorganisms

50
Q

The nurse would expect to obtain _____ cultures, administer _____, and perform _____ ______ to help clear the respiratory secretions

A

sputum
antibiotics
chest physiotherapy

51
Q

Are bronchial washings routine testing for a client needing help clearing respiratory secretions

A

No

52
Q

Are isolation precautions ordered for noncontagious infections

A

Not usually

53
Q

_____ and _____ is an intervention to maintain tissue integrity

A

turning and repositioning

54
Q

Monitoring for _____ will help reduce the risk of developing an infection because of bowel and bladder dysfunction

A

dehydration

55
Q

Providing _____ care after episodes of bowel or bladder incontinence will ensure that the skin remain intact

A

hygienic

56
Q

T/F: Using proper biohazard precautions after episodes of incontinence will reduce the risk of transmitting an infection

A

T

57
Q

T/F: covering wounds with antibiotic ointment and sterile gauze is an intervention to maintain tissue integrity

A

T

58
Q

Nursing interventions to support antibiotic therapy include encouraging an adequate _____ _____, monitoring for manifestations of an _____ _____, assessing _____ and _____ function, and assessing vital signs.

A

fluid intake
allergic reaction
renal and hepatic

59
Q

A _____ _____ is appropriate for antimalarial medication

A

baseline electrocardiogram

60
Q

_____ _____ is always the first and best way to stop the spread of microorganisms, which cause infections.

A

Hand hygiene

61
Q

Raising the temperature in a client’s room would contribute to…

A

growth of microorganisms

62
Q

Wearing a mask for all clients is not practical and is unnecessary unless…

A

a microorganisms is airborne and the client is in isolation

Nursing 2300 (VIcky Hansen) (64 decks)

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