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Nursing 2300 (VIcky Hansen) > Unit 9 - The Concept of Perfusion > Flashcards

Unit 9 - The Concept of Perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

Essential function of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems:

  • supply _____ _____ to every cell in the body
  • _____ in perfusion affects all human functions
A
  • supply oxygenated blood to every cell in the body

- change in perfusion affects all human functions

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2
Q

Where is the heart located

A

in mediastinum between the vertebral column, sternum; flanked by lungs

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3
Q

What is the pericardium

A
  • heart covering

- anchors heart to surrounding structures to form pericardial sac

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4
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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5
Q

4 hallow chambers of heart

A
  • 2 atria
  • 2 ventricles
  • separated by a septum
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6
Q

Right atrium:

  • _____ deoxygenated blood from veins of body
  • superior vena cava _____ blood from body _____ diaphragm
  • inferior vena cava _____ blood from the body _____ diaphragm
  • coronary sinus _____ blood from heart
A
  • receives deoxygenated blood from veins of body
  • superior vena cava returns blood from body above diaphragm
  • inferior vena cava returns blood from the body below diaphragm
  • coronary sinus drains blood from heart
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7
Q

Left atrium:

- receives oxygenated blood from lungs through _____ _____

A
  • receives oxygenated blood from lungs through pulmonary veins
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8
Q

Right ventricle:

  • receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps through pulmonary _____ to pulmonary _____ bed for oxygenation
  • oxygenated blood travels through pulmonary _____ to left atrium
A
  • receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps through pulmonary artery to pulmonary capillary bed for oxygenation
  • oxygenated blood travels through pulmonary veins to left atrium
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9
Q

Left ventricle:

  • _____ blood from left atrium
  • pumps blood through _____ to general circulation
A
  • receives blood from left atrium

- pumps blood through aorta to general circulation

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10
Q

atria separated by _____ _____

A

atrioventricular valves

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11
Q
  • Pulmonic valve joins _____ ventricle with pulmonary artery

- aortic valve joins _____ ventricle with aorta

A
  • Pulmonic valve joins right ventricle with pulmonary artery

- aortic valve joins left ventricle with aorta

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12
Q

_____ of valves creates heart sounds

A

closure

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13
Q

closure of _____ valve produces first heart sound (S1) or “lub”

A

atrioventricular (AV)

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14
Q

closure of _____ valves produces second heart sound (S2) or “dub”

A

semilunar

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15
Q

heart sounds associated with contraction and relaxation of the heart:

  • systole: ventricular _____
  • diastole: ventricular _____
A
  • systole: ventricular contraction

- diastole: ventricular relaxation

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16
Q

There may be additional heart sounds which indicate _____ _____

A

damaged tissue

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17
Q

Pulmonary circulation:

  • _____ side of heart, pulmonary artery pulmonary capillaries pulmonary veins
  • _____-pressure system
A
  • right side of heart, pulmonary artery pulmonary capillaries pulmonary veins
  • low-pressure system
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18
Q

Systemic circulation:

  • _____ side of heart, aorta and branches, capillaries of the brain and peripheral tissues, systemic venous system, and vena cava
  • _____-pressure system
A
  • Left side of heart, aorta and branches, capillaries of the brain and peripheral tissues, systemic venous system, and vena cava
  • high-pressure system
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19
Q

Coronary circulation:

  • _____ that supply the heart muscle itself
  • _____ _____ regulated by aortic pressure, heart rate, heart metabolic activity blood vessel tone
A
  • vessels that supply the heart muscle itself

- blood flow regulated by aortic pressure, heart rate, heart metabolic activity blood vessel tone

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20
Q

Transition from fetal to pulmonary circulation:

Flow of blood: placenta -> fetus through _____ _____ to ductus venosus to R atrium

A

umbilical vein

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21
Q

Transition from fetal to pulmonary circulation:

_____ _____ allows blood flow from R atrium to L, then into L ventricle

A

Foramen ovale

22
Q

Transition from fetal to pulmonary circulation:

blood pumped into _____ and systemic circulation

A

aorta

23
Q

Transition from fetal to pulmonary circulation:

Systemic vascular resistance:

  • _____ after umbilical cord is cut and R atrium pressure falls
  • flaps of foramen ovale _____, fibrin deposits seal the opening
  • ducuts arteriosus constricts and closes within _____ hours after birth; permanent closure _____-_____ days after birth
A

increased
close
10-15, 10-21

24
Q
  • one heartbeat of contraction and relaxation stroke - volume
  • difference between end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume
  • ranges from 60 to 100 mL/beat, averages 70 mL/beat in an adult
A

cardiac cycle

25
Q
  • amount of blood pumped by ventricles into pulmonary and systemic circulation in 1 minute
  • determined by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate
A

cardiac output

26
Q
  • percent of diastolic volume ejected from heart during systole
  • stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume
  • normal ejection fraction ranges from 50% to 70%
A

ejection fraction

27
Q

capability of the heart muscle fibers to shorten

A

contractility

28
Q

the greater the volume, the greater the stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers, and the greater the force with which the fibers contract to accomplish emptying

A

preload-starling’s law

29
Q

force the ventricles overcome to eject blood volume; pressure in the arterial system ahead of the ventricles

A

afterload

30
Q

sinoatrial node (SA node) located at junction of _____ _____ _____ and _____ _____

A

superior vena cava and R atrium

31
Q

electrical impulse created by SA node travels to _____ node -> to bundle of his -> to _____ septum -> to _____ fibers in ventricular muscle walls

A

electrical impulse created by SA node travels to AV node -> to bundle of his -> to interventricular septum -> to purkinje fibers in ventricular muscle walls

32
Q

electrical stimulus creates an _____ _____ -> exchange of _____, _____, and _____ ions across the cell membrane

A

electrical stimulus creates an action potential -> exchange of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions across the cell membrane

33
Q

depolarization causes a _____ _____

A

myocardial contraction

34
Q

repolarization is the _____ stage

A

resting

35
Q

cardiac output determined by _____ _____

A

heart rate - direct and indirect autonomic stimulation

36
Q

heart affected by both direct and indirect _____ _____ _____ stimulation

A

autonomic nervous system

37
Q

phase when heart contracts; occurs from two types of ion channels

A

depolorization

38
Q

process that returns the cell to a resting state

A

repolarization

39
Q
  • Movement of ions across cell membrane causes electrical impulse to stimulate muscle contraction
  • Produces waveforms on ECG strips
A

the action potential

40
Q
  • Fast sodium channels—occurs in atrial, ventricular muscle cells and Purkinje conduction system
  • Slow calcium channels—occurs in SA and AV nodes
A

Depolarization—phase when heart contracts; occurs from two types of ion channels

41
Q
  • Refractory period—period of time when myocardial cells resist stimulation; protective mechanism
  • Supernormal period—occurs after refractory period; a mild stimulus to the cardiac muscle will cause repolarization
  • Many cardiac dysrhythmias triggered during refractory and supernormal periods
A

Repolarization—process that returns the cell to a resting state

42
Q

_____ _____ channels—occurs in atrial, ventricular muscle cells and Purkinje conduction system

A

fast sodium

43
Q

_____ _____ channels—occurs in SA and AV nodes

A

slow calcium

44
Q

period of time when myocardial cells resist stimulation; protective mechanism

A

refractory period

45
Q

occurs after refractory period; a mild stimulus to the cardiac muscle will cause repolarization

A

supernormal period

46
Q

a wave of blood created by contraction of L ventricle

A

pulse

47
Q

pulse located away from the heart

A

peripheral

48
Q

a central pulse located at the heart apex; also termed point of maximal impulse or PMI

A

apical pulse

49
Q

measure of the pressure exerted by blood as it flows through arteries

A

blood pressure

50
Q

Two blood pressure measures

  • systolic: ventricles _____
  • diastolic: ventricles _____
A

contract

rest

51
Q

difference between the diastolic and systolic pressures

A

pulse pressure

52
Q

proportion of RBCs to blood plasma

A

hct

Nursing 2300 (VIcky Hansen) (64 decks)

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