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Nursing 2300 (VIcky Hansen) > Unit 8 - Prostate Cancer > Flashcards

Unit 8 - Prostate Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Prostate cancer is curable when…

A

diagnosed early

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2
Q

_____ out of _____ men are diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime

A

1 out of 8

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3
Q

_____ out of ______ men will develop invasive prostate cancer by age 60 or older

A

1 out of 19

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4
Q

What is the 3rd leading cause of cancer-related death in US

A

prostate cancer

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5
Q

Prostate cancer may compress urethra -> _____ _____ _____

A

obstructing urinary flow

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6
Q

Prostate cancer:

metastasis: _____ and _____

A

lymph & venous channels

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7
Q

Greatest risk factor of prostate cancer

A

age (disease of older men)

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8
Q

Several mutated genes have been found that may be responsible for a man’s inherited tendency to develop prostate cancer. One of these is called _____ (_____ _____-_____ _____ _____ _____ _____). But there are many other gene mutations that may account for some cases of hereditary prostate cancer. None of these is a major cause, and more research on these genes is being done. Genetic tests are not yet available.
Men with _____ or _____ gene changes may have an increased prostate cancer risk. Mutations in these genes more commonly cause _____ and _____ cancer in women. But inherited BRCA changes probably explain only a very small number of _____ cancers.

A 
RNASEL
formerly HPC1 -Hereditary Prostate Cancer Gene 1
BRCA1
BRCA2
breast
ovarian
prostate
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9
Q

_____ to prevent prostate cancer are the topic of research

A

medications

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10
Q

Hormones used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia show a _____% reduction of risk

A

25%

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11
Q

Initiate discussion of prostate cancer for men at age _____

A

50

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12
Q

African Americans and any whose close relative was diagnosed before age 60 -> initiate discussion at age _____

A

45

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13
Q

For men at even higher risk (those with several close relatives diagnosed at an early age) -> initiate discussion at age _____

A

40

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14
Q

early-stage prostate cancer is usually _____

A

asymptomatic

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15
Q

5 urinary manifestations of prostate cancer

A
  • urgency
  • frequency
  • hesitancy
  • dysuria
  • nocturia
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16
Q

_____ in the ejaculate is a manifestation of prostate cancer

A

hematuria

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17
Q

_____ from metastasis to bones is often the initial manifestation

A

pain

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18
Q

Definitive diagnosis of prostate is by _____

A

biopsy

19
Q

_____ is used to guide needle biopsy of prostate cancer

A

ultrasonography

20
Q

_____ _____ _____ (DRE) -> prostate gland nodular, fixed

A

Digital rectal examination (DRE)

21
Q

_____-_____ _____ (PSA) -> used to diagnose, stage prostate cancer and monitor response to tratment

A

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

22
Q

PSA is used with _____

A

DRE

23
Q

_____ _____, _____, _____ -> to determine presence of metasases

A

Bone scan, MRI, CT

24
Q

Grade and stage help determine _____, guide treatment decisions

A

prognosis

25
Q

No routine screenings are endorsed because of the concern of a possible high rate of _____-_____ (detecting disease that would never have caused symptoms), along with serious side effects from prostate cancer treatment.

A

over-diagnosis

26
Q

Are there routine prostate cancer screening guidelines for men at average risk at this time?

A

Not at this time

27
Q

Screening for prostate cancer can be done with:

  • _____ _____ _____ (_____) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the _____ gland
  • Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood
  • _____ is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal PSA levels.
A
  • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the prostate gland
  • Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood
  • DRE is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate
    cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal
  • PSA levels.
28
Q

Screening for prostate cancer can be done with:

  • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
  • _____-_____ _____ (_____) /Made by cells in the prostate gland
  • Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood
  • DRE is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate
    cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal
  • PSA levels.
A
  • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the prostate gland
  • Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood
  • DRE is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate
    cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal
  • PSA levels.
29
Q

Screening for prostate cancer can be done with:

  • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the prostate gland
  • Most healthy men have a small amount of _____ [less than _____ nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood
  • DRE is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate
    cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal
  • PSA levels.
A
  • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the prostate gland
  • Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood
  • DRE is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate
    cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal
  • PSA levels.
30
Q

Screening for prostate cancer can be done with:

  • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the prostate gland
  • Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood
  • _____ is less effective than the PSA blood test in _____ prostate
    cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal
  • PSA levels.
A
  • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the prostate gland
  • Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood
  • DRE is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate
    cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal
  • PSA levels.
31
Q

Screening for prostate cancer can be done with:

  • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the prostate gland
  • Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood
  • DRE is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate
    cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal _____ levels.
A
  • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the prostate gland
  • Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood
  • DRE is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate
    cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal PSA levels.
32
Q

Transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy:

  • _____ _____ inserted via rectum to lie adjacent to the _____
  • _____ _____ biopsy needle to the prostate tissue
  • Tissue sample taken from _____/means of a hollow needle that is advanced and withdrawn by _____ _____ _____
A
  • Ultrasound probe inserted via rectum to lie adjacent to the prostate
  • Image guided biopsy needle to the prostate tissue
  • Tissue sample taken from prostate/means of a hollow needle that is advanced and withdrawn by pulling a ‘trigger’
33
Q

Gleason Grading:

  • system defines the type of tissue from which the tumor _____ and the degree of tumor cells _____ their relationship to their _____ tissue
  • graded from _____ to _____
A
  • system defines the type of tissue from which the tumor originated and the degree of tumor cells retain their relationship to their original tissue
  • graded from I to IV
34
Q

Suprapubic prostatectomy:

- clients with stage III locally advanced -> surgery is _____, may be used to _____ _____

A
  • clients with stage III locally advanced -> surgery is controversial, may be used to relieve obstrction
35
Q

Prostatectomy:

- surgical intervention available for men with post prostatectomy incontinence due to…

A

urinary sphincter insufficiency

36
Q

Androgen deprivation therapy:

  • used to treat _____ _____ _____
  • strategies to induce androgen deprivation include _____, administration of _____ _____
A

advanced prostate cancer

orchiectomy, hormonal agents

37
Q

Radiation therapy:

  • may be used as primary treatment -> _____ risk of long-term problems of _____, urinary incontinence associated with _____
  • also in palliative role for clients with _____ _____
A

reduces
impotence
surgery
metastatic cancer

38
Q

Diagnosis for prostate cancer:

  • impaired _____ _____
  • risk for urinary _____
  • risk for stress urinary _____
  • _____ dysfunction
  • _____
A
  • impaired urinary elimination
  • risk for urinary retention
  • risk for stress urinary incontinence
  • sexual dysfunction
  • pain
39
Q

Promote urinary elimination:

  • assess the degree of _____ and its effects on lifestyle
  • teach _____l exercises to help restore _____
  • teach methods to control _____ and _____ from stress incontinence
  • _____ _____ attempt to prevent accidental voiding by restricting fluids
  • mange occasional episodes with _____ _____ worn inside underwear and changed as needed
  • refer to _____ _____ or a _____ specialist for additional measures
  • explore options such as an _____ _____ _____
  • encourage verbalizing feelings about impact of _____ on quality of life
A
  • assess the degree of incontinence and its effects on lifestyle
  • teach kegel exercises to help restore continence
  • teach methods to control dampness and odor from stress incontinence
  • do not attempt to prevent accidental voiding by restricting fluids
  • mange occasional episodes with absorbent pads worn inside underwear and changed as needed
  • refer to physical therapy or a continence specialist for additional measures
  • explore options such as an external collection device
  • encourage verbalizing feelings about impact of incontinence on quality of life
40
Q

Promote communication related to _____ function

A

sexual

41
Q

Surgical treatment may cause _____ _____

A

erectile dysfunction

42
Q

Promote effective _____ management

A

pain

43
Q

Planning:

  • client verbalizes concerns about, symptoms of sexual dysfunction without _____
  • client maintains adequate _____ output
  • client lists strategies for reducing and coping with _____ _____
  • client received adequate pain management to control pain within _____ levels
A
  • client verbalizes concerns about, symptoms of sexual dysfunction without discomfort
  • client maintains adequate urinary output
  • client lists strategies for reducing and coping with urinary incontinence
  • client received adequate pain management to control pain within tolerable levels
44
Q

Evaluation of Prostate Cancer:

  • client rates and reports pain before it becomes _____
  • client discuses _____ _____ without anxiety or discomfort
  • client list _____ for managing urinary incontinence
  • client maintains adequate urine output without _____ related to altered urinary illumination
A
  • client rates and reports pain before it becomes intolerable
  • client discuses sexual function without anxiety or discomfort
  • client list strategies for managing urinary incontinence
  • client maintains adequate urine output without complications related to altered urinary illumination

Nursing 2300 (VIcky Hansen) (64 decks)

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