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Pharmacology 1+2 > Lab 2 test > Flashcards

Lab 2 test Flashcards

1
Q

What different ways dictate how a drug can be named?

A
  1. Chemical name
  2. Approved name
  3. Licensed/proprietary name
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2
Q

Approved name

A
  • Eg. Amoxicillin

- Given by Pharmacopoiea

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3
Q

Licensed/proprietary names

A
  • E.g. Betamox injection, Amoxysol injection, Vetrimoxin injection, Amoxypen injection,Clamoxyl injection (Amoxicillin), Duphamox injection
  • Given by manufacturers (based on fantasy)
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4
Q

Types of drug books

A
  1. Pharmacopoieas:
    - National (British Pharmacopoeia, Pharmacopoeia of US, Pharmacopoeia Hungarica)
    - International (European Pharmacopoeia, International Pharmacopoeia -WHO)
  2. Veterinary Formularies
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5
Q

PRESCRIPTION def.

A

Written order of a practitioner for one or more drugs to be dispensed by a pharmacist to owner/farmer

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6
Q

Which units can be abbreviated in the prescription?

A
  • Grams = g
  • Milligrams = mg
  • NOT: Micrograms (not mg)
  • ‘Milliliter’ (mL or ml)
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7
Q

What is unique about the British Pharmacopoeia that we can´t find in others?

A

Complete with Formulated preparations and Veterinary

substances

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8
Q

What is in the subscription?

A

Info. for the pharmacist about what to prepare from the ingredients and how to dispense them.
Eg. “prepare a suspension and send 100ml in a suitable package”

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9
Q

What is in the inscription?

A

Name, dosage form and strength of proprietary medicine, or the list of the ingredients and their amounts.

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10
Q

What is in the heading?

A

H1: Name and address of practitioner
Date
H2: Name and address of owner. Animal species, number and/or name.

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11
Q

What is in the superscription?

A

Rx = recipe

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12
Q

What is in the signature?

A

Info for the owner about the application of the drug.

E.g. Give two tablets to dog daily for 10 days”

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13
Q

What is contained in the Pharmacopoeia?

A

All medical substances (active substance+other substances) that are official in particular countries or regions

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14
Q

Which measures can appear on a prescription (numbers with decimals, abbreviations, etc)

A
  • Grams:
  • 1 gram or more should be written as 1 g
  • Less than 1 gram should be written in milligrams (e.g. 500 mg, not 0.5 g)
  • Less than 1 milligram should be written in micrograms (e.g. 100 micrograms, not 0.1 mg)
  • ‘Milliliter’ (mL or ml)
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15
Q

Which measures should not be abbreviated?

A

‘micrograms’, ‘nanograms’, or ‘units’

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16
Q

How long is a prescription valid?

A

6 months

CD: 28 days

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17
Q

Abbreviations

A
  • sig. - signatur - write (on label)(user info)
  • s.i.d. - once daily
  • b.i.d. - twice daily
  • t.i.d. - three times daily
  • q.i.d. - four times daily
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18
Q

Official medicines

A

Eg. parafin, ethanol, H2O2

-Formulated or non-formulated

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19
Q

MRL

A

Maximum residue limit
Commission regulation 37/2010 EU
-Table 1: Allowed substances: okay for food-prod animals
o Annex 1: fixed MRL
o Annex 2: no MRL, WP = 0 days
o Annex 3: established but not fixed, still give standard MRL
-Table 2: not for use in food-prod animals. Eg. Methronidazol, Chloramphenicol.
o Annex 4: non-food-prod animals

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20
Q

Special prescription requirements of schedule 2 and 3 drugs

A

-The prescription must be written indelibly (or computer generated) and signature must be ink or electronic prescription form available since 2015:
- name and address of owner
- date
- name, form and strength of preparation
- total quantity or the number of dosage units in both
words and figures
-Dose to be administered (‘take as required’ is not acceptable).
-The prescriber’s signature, qualification and RCVS registration number
-The animal or herd under the vet’s care
-A pharmacist must not dispense a S2 or S3 drug unless it complies with the above requirements and the prescriber’s address is in the UK.
- In the signature part NO latinisation or abbreviation is allowed (Signature or Label)
- The prescription is valid for 28 days (also S4).
- Repeat prescriptions is not permitted.

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21
Q

Special prescription requirements of schedule 2 and 3 drugs

A

-Ppt must be written indelibly (or computer generated) and signature must be ink or electronic ppt form available since 2015:
- name and address of owner
- date
- name, form and strength of preparation
- total quantity or the number of dosage units in both
words and figures
-Dose to be adm (‘take as required’ is not acceptable).
-Prescriber’s signature, qualification and RCVS registration nu.
-Animal or herd under the vet’s care
- In signature part NO latinisation or abbreviation allowed (Signature or Label)
- Valid for 28 days (also S4).
- Repeat ppt is not permitted.

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22
Q

Special cases about controlled drugs

A

• Quinalbarbitone: S2 CD but does not require safe custody – does not need to be kept in the CD cabinet. Does need to be recorded in a register.
• Buprenorphine: S3 CD and its use does not need to be
recorded in CD register but safe custody does apply.
• Ppt of S2, 3 and 4 CDs valid for 28 days.
• S5 CD ppt valid for 6 months
• Repeat ppt not allowed for S2 and S3 CDs. If this is a
pre-printed statement on a prescription, it must be crossed out in ink.

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23
Q

What does the label for a dispensed medicine need to include?

A
  • Name and the address of the owner
  • Date of dispensing
  • ‘For external use only’ if only for topical use
  • Relevant WP
  • If the product contains e.g. hexachlorophene, aspirin:
    ‘For animal treatment only’, unless the container or package is too small, ‘Keep out of the reach of children’
  • Name and address of the veterinarian
24
Q

What are ‘dispensed medicines’?

A

All medicines sold or supplied by a veterinarian

25
Q

What is special about medicines containing aspirin (or similar drugs)?

A

Unsuitable for cats.

The drugs must be labelled with the words ‘unsuitable for cats’, and ‘it contains aspirin’ within a ruled rectangle.

26
Q

What is special about drugs including hexachlorophene (for oral administration)?

A
  • sheep (wear protective clothing)

- cattle: ‘product is not for use in lactating cattle’

27
Q

What does MFS stand for?

A

MEDICATED FEEDING STUFF PRESCRIPTION

28
Q

Who does MFS apply for?

A

Anyone who incorporates a medicated product of any description in an animal feeding stuff.

29
Q

What does MFS not affect?

A
  • A companion animal owner administering a medicinal product mixed in the feed, since no business is involved.
  • A farmer ‘top dressing’ feed or medicating via the drinking water.
30
Q

What does MFS require?

A

A all manufacturers (feed compounders) and distributors who add medicines to feed to register with the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) or the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for Northern Ireland (DARD for NI).

31
Q

Solid dosage forms

A
  • Powders (pulveres)
  • Granules (granulata)
  • Capsules (capsulae)
  • Premixes
32
Q

Powder

  1. Definition
  2. Usage
A
  1. Def: Solid, particle-sized, single-dose or multidose dosage form for internal or external use
  2. Usage:
    – External (topical): Dusting powder
    – Internal:
    • Non-divided powder
    • Divided power Dividatio (divided) or dispensatio (dispensation)
33
Q

Powder - Composition

A 
– Simple powders:
• Pharmaceutical substances
• Drogs (plants, animal, mineral origin)
• Chemicals
– Mixed powders:
• Mixture of simple powders
• Simple powder + semi solid
• Simple powder + liquid
• Eutectics (menthol+camphor+SiO2)
34
Q

Topical powders

  1. Definition
  2. Composition
A
  1. Def: External powder used for the treatment of skin surface, wounds, rarely for the ear and nasal mucosa.
  2. Composition:
    – Active compound:
    • antibacterial, antimicotic, antiparasitic agents
    • antiseptic->disinfecting(eg. chlorhexidine), coating, adstringent (eg. ZiO), drying agents
    – Vehicles: talc, light kaolin, zinc oxide, other polysilicates
35
Q

Topical powders

  1. Dispensation
  2. Prescribing
A
  1. Dispensation: sifter-top containers
  2. Prescribing:
    – Official (formulated) preparations
    – Prepared preparations
    – Licensed preparations
36
Q

Powders for oral application:

Usage

A

Orally:
– Feedstuff
– Powders for oral solutions (dissolved) (human intended)
• Drinking-water (mass medication) (95%) (poultry, swine and some calfs)
• Others (individual medication)
– Powders for oral suspensions (bottles w. powder-shake!) (human intended)
– Capsules

37
Q

Powders for oral applications:

  1. Composition
  2. Prescribing
A
  1. Composition
    -Active compounds: Wide range (most frequent; AB, deworm.)
    -Vehicle: Lactose, Dextrose, Sorbitol, Lucern meal, wheat barn (has to be cheap, no/good taste)
    -Auxiliary substances: Preservatives, Flavouring agents etc.
  2. Prescribing:
    • Official preparations
    • Prepared preparations
    • Licensed preparations
38
Q

Powders for oral applications

Types?

A

A.) Non-divided powders:
• Large therapeutic index
• In one dose, one package: total amount of the drug
• Sig. tea-spoonful, table spoonful, handful etc.
B.) Divided powders:
• Low therapeutic index: always this
• Multi-dose (large animal <10-20 g, small animal <1-2 g)
– Dividatio: Less precise, quick
– Dispensatio: Precise, slower

39
Q

Granules:

  1. Definition
  2. Average size
  3. Usage
A
  1. Definition: Solid, single-dose or multidose dosage form for oral administration containing aggregates of powder particles.
  2. Average size: 1-2 mm. (Crumbles : new dosage form, 3-6 mm)
  3. Usage:
    – Oral adm: feeding-stuff, drinking-water
    – Sometimes making solutions (effervescent granules)
40
Q

Granules:

Composition?

A

– Active compound: wide range, usually non-toxic,
otherwise divided prescribing (eg. AB, deworm.)
(same as vehicle)
– Vehicle: sucrose, lactose
– Adhesive: diluted alcohol, distilled water,
methylcellulose
– Coating: if necessary (decr. decomposition of stomach -> acid resistance -> enhance bio availab.)

41
Q

Granules

  1. Dispensation
  2. Prescription
A 
1. Dispensation
– Plastic or aluminium box (licensed prep.)
– Wax-paper bags etc.
2. Prescription:
– Official preparations
– Prepared preparations
– Licensed preparations
42
Q

Capsule:

  1. Definition
  2. Usage
A
  1. Definition: Usually orally administered, solid preparations with shells, including one dose of active substance (solid, liquid)
  2. Usage Orally, without chewing
    - Only for single treatment (small animals)
43
Q

Capsule:

Composition

A
  • Soft gelatine capsules: Gelatine + sugar + glycerin + water (glycerine makes it soft)
  • Thicker walls (e.g. pearl-capsule)
  • Hard gelatine capsules: No glycerin -> harder
  • Cylinder shape with rounded ends
  • two prefabricated sections
  • solves in gastric juice 15 minutes
44
Q

Gastro-resistant capsules

A
  • Do not dissolve in gastric juice
  • If the drug would be destroyed by the gastric juice, eg. EPI
  • If the drug would irritate the stomach -> vomiting, eg. Climocycline
  • synthetic polymers
  • intestinosolvent
45
Q

Capsule:

  1. Dispensation
  2. Prescription
A
  1. Dispensation:
    - plastic jar, plastic or aluminium leaves + box (licensed)
    - paper-bags, jars (prepared)
  2. Prescription
    - official preparations
    - prepared preparations
    - licensed preparations
46
Q

Premix: Types

A

• Medicated premix: dosage form appropriate to
create medicated feeding stuff.
• Feed supplement: vitamins, minerals etc.

47
Q

Premix: Aim

A

To facilitate homogenous oral application of medicines

48
Q

Premix: Usage

A

Orally for mass medication
– Powders, granules, liquid form
– Homogenous mixing! (forage mixer = compounder)

49
Q

Premix: Composition

A

– Active compound: large ther. index
• Medicated premix: drug (AB, antiparasitics)
• Feed supplement: vitamins, minerals etc.
– Vehicle: nutritive-property, e.g.: wheat barn, lucern-meal etc.

50
Q

Premix:

  1. Dispensation
  2. Prescribing
A 
1. Dispensation:
– Box : for small farms
– Bags (10, 20, 50 kg) : large scale
2. Prescribing:
– Licensed preparations (MFS - medicated
feedingstuff)
– Mineral- and vitamin containing (only) premixes can be purchased without ppt
• Withdrawal period
• POM -> MFS -> valid for 3 months
– 3 copies: compounder, farmer, vet
– compounder or on-farm mixer: with a valid ppt
51
Q

What are the different part of a prescription in order of apparition?

A

Heading, Superscription, Inscription, Subscription, Signature, Veterinarian own signature, repeat info

52
Q

Controlled drugs examples

A

-Schedule 1 - Eg: cannabis, the amphetamines, hallucinogenic drugs e.g. LSD
-Schedule 2- eg. morphine, etorphine, fentanyl, pethidine, methadone, ketamine
-Schedule 3 - eg. buprenorphine, pentobarbitone, phenobarbitone
-Schedule 4 - eg. benzodiazepines e.g. diazepam
-Schedule 5 - Certain preparations of morphine, cocaine and codeine that contain less than a
specified amount of the drug

53
Q

What to remember about official prescriptions

A

include the pharmacopoeia in the inscription. E.g. “Laxant emulsion (BP)”

54
Q

What to remember about licensed prescriptions

A

include “original package” in the subscription. E.g. “Send one original package, of 100 tablets.”.

55
Q

Horses:

  1. If coded (122/2013)
  2. If table 1, but no code (122/2013) is given
A
  1. Automatic wait-period is 6 months

2. The WP is 28 days (meat producing)

56
Q

What to remember about prescription including…

  1. Flavored medicine
  2. Suspension
  3. Topical medications/eye drops
  4. Food producing animals
A
  1. “keep out of reach of dogs/cats (depending on who the medicine is for)
  2. Suspension: shake well before use
  3. Topical: “For external use only”
  4. Food producing animals:
    o sheep, goats, cattle, horses, pigs, ducks, turkeys, chicken, pigeons, fish, rabbit
    o only put “this animal is not intended for food production” if it is a table 2/annex 4 drug
    o Mention WP
57
Q

What to remember about…

  1. Division/divide/dividatio
  2. Dispensation/dispensatio
A
  1. Division/divide/dividatio:
    o Multiply the recipe by the number of doses needed
    o Then instruct pharmacist to “prepare the above mixture and divide into x doses”
    o If we have to choose a useable vehicle, it can for example be: “Hard fat - in sufficient amount”
  2. Dispensation/dispensatio:
    o Don’t multiply the number of doses
    o Instructions should state: “prepare x doses, each with the above mixture”

Pharmacology 1+2 (25 decks)

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