Last test pqs Flashcards
List 4 of the 2nd generation quinolones
- Enrofloxacin
- Marbofloxacin
- Danofloxacin
- Ibafloxacin
- Difloxacin
- Orbifloxacin
List the side effects for potentiated sulphonamides
- Nephrotoxicity, crystalluria because of acetyl-sulfa-crystals (provide large amount of water to the patient!)
- Dysbacteriosis → K-avitaminosis in poultry (can be given orally to horses)
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca if administered long-term
- Allergy (dobermann)
- Haematological changes (long-term treatment → they can cause folic-acid deficiency)
- Sulf-methaemoglobinaemia
- Sulfaquinoxaline: also vitamin-K antagonist effect!→ haemorrhagic syndrome in poultry
- Aditoprim, baquiloprim: hepatotoxic
- Never give vitamin C or methionine because it will precipitate
- Never give sulphonamides to dehydarated patients, and animals should drink a lot
- In equine if sulphonamides are given IV → death, so given orally
- If sulphonamides are combined with α-2 agonist → lethal cardiac toxicity
Mechanism of effect and mode of action for potentiated sulphonamides
Mechanism of effect: inhibition of folic acid synthesis on two steps sulphonamides+diamino-pirimidines)
-Mode of action: together bactericidal (both of them are bacteriostatic on their own) [Time dependant bactericidal]
How to disinfect a drilled well (substance + amount) and in which case would it be obligatory?
- 100 g calcium-hypochlorite or 300 cm3 bleach should be solved in 1 litre of water and poured into the well
- After mixing, leave for 24hours rest and smell. If chloride is smellable it’s good. If there is no chloride smell we should repeat it until we reach the chloride smell. Then the water from the well should be discarded, till the smell of the chlorine cannot be smelled.
- Disinfection is obligatory immediately after a well is worked on.
- Disinfection would also be obligatory in the case of a known contamination such as disease causing microorganisms (pathogens). That may have been introduced into the well during construction, hookup, maintenance, or as a result of faulty well construction.
- Disinfection is also recommended for well systems that experience problems with iron bacteria or sulphate-reducing bacteria.
Name two antibiotic groups to treat prostatitis
- Potentiated sulphonamides
- Quinolones
Indication of nitrofurans
- Furazolidone → Only in non-food producing pigeons for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections, coccidiosis
- Nitrofurantoin → Mainly active against Gram-, UTI
List the indications of potentiated sulphonamides
Respiratory infections: B. bronchiseptica!
Gastrointestinal infections (e.g. salmonellosis!)
UTI
Systemic infections
Prostatitis
Nocardia-infection
Toxoplasmosis
Coccidiosis!!
Chlamydiosis (human genital)
Idiopathic colitis: sulfasalazine
Ophtalmic treatment: sulfacetamide, sulfadimidine
Indication for metronidazole
-Gingivitis, parodontitis, oral cavity infections
-Anal sacculitis
-Pseudomembranous colitis! (Cl. difficile, Cl. perfringens) → caused by other antibacterial agents (e.g. clindamycin)
-Giardiosis
-Trichomonosis, hexamitosis, amoeboiasis
-Histomonosis (not in food producers)
(These indications are intended for
companion animals and humans! Prohibited for food producing animals! (Annex IV))
Disinfection of dug well of 5m3 and when is it necessary?
100cm3 bleach/1m3 water (in the well), solved 0.3l water, poured into the well. So 500cm3 bleach should be applied. After mixing, leave for 24hours rest and smell. If chloride is smellable it’s good. If there is no chloride smell we should repeat it until we reach the chloride smell. Then the water from the well should be discarded, till the smell of the chlorine cannot be smelled.
Disinfection is necessary immediately after a well is worked on. Disinfection would also be necessary in the case of a known contamination such as disease causing microorganisms (pathogens). That may have been introduced into the well during construction, hookup, maintenance, or as a result of faulty well construction. Disinfection is also recommended for well systems that experience problems with iron bacteria or sulphate-reducing bacteria.
Name the antiseptic used for udder disinfection and when/how is it applied during milking?
Antiseptics used: -Chlorhexidine digluconate + lactic acid -Free iodine -Bradophen solution -Benzalkonium chloride Before milking: -Washing with warm water -Disinfection with diluted iodophor After milking: -3-fold dilution of concentrated iodophor-, chlorhexidine or Bradophen solution (form thin film layer on the skin) Disinfection is applied to every teat by a teat cup. The udder after disinfection is wiped with a disposable wipes before milking. But after milking the udder is not wiped for the formation of the thin film layer. The same substances are used in udder disinfection but before milking the concentration is 2-3%. After milking the concentration is 20-40%.
Name the disinfectants for udder wash and hand wash
Udder disinfectants: Chlorhexidine digluconate + lactic acid Free iodine Bradophen solution Benzalkonium chloride Surgical hand disinfection: Iodophores Alcohols Chlorhexidine Cationic detergents
List the side effects of fluoroquinolones
(Barely toxic)
- Epiphysis-cartilage damaging capability not applicable for young animals and children, in horses it can occur in every ages!
- Retinopathy in cat (enrofloxacin, higher dose)
- CNS effects (depression, excitation)
- Dysbacteriosis
- Renal insufficiency → dosage adjustment is required!!! (in renal failure patient a lesser dose should be given)
Which fluoroquinolone is used for oral infection?
4th generation fluoroquinolones example pradofloxacin and moxifloxacin
Which sulphonamide is long acting?
Sulfadimetoxine
Where to inject to examine for irritation?
In a large muscle
