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Pharmacology 1+2 > Administration routes > Flashcards

Administration routes Flashcards

1
Q

ROUTES of ADMINISTRATION

A 
TOPICAL (external): 
-skin, mucous membrane (local, systemic) 
-nose, ear, eye (cornea, conjunctiva)
INTERNAL
-ENTERAL
• oral (direct)
• orogastric/nasogastric tube 
• direct into rumen/abomasum w. inj.
• rectal
-PARENTERAL
• Skin: SC, cutaneous or ID
• Muscle: IM
• Vein: IV
• Abd. cavity: IP, intraabdominal
•  Joint: Intraarticular
(I.-cardial IC, I.-thoracical /Pleural/, I.- cerebral, epidural, subarachnoideal, peri-neural, retrobulbar, I. lingual etc.)
-OTHER
• udder, uterus, vagina, respiratory tract (inhalational) etc.
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2
Q

Topical: dose forms

A
  • Solid: dusting powder, collar
  • Semi-Iiquid: ointment, lotion, cream, paste, liniment
  • Liquid: solution, suspension, emulsion, dip, eye drops, nasal drops, ear drops, watery extract
  • Aerosols
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3
Q

What is imp. to remember with Ru when it comes to oro/nasogastric tube

A

Ruminants: reactivation of the oesophageal groove mechanism in adults (sheep copper sulphate, cattle Na-bicarbonate 10%)

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4
Q

Internal: dose forms

A

-Solid: powder, tablet, capsule, granule, bolus
-Semi-liquid: oral pastes and gels, suppository
-Liquid: solution, syrup, elixir, suspension, emulsion
watery/alcoholic extract

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5
Q

Parenteral: dose forms

A
  • Solid: implant (skin)

- Liquid: injection (solution, emulsion, suspension), infusion

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6
Q

Intravenous (IV): characteristics

A
  • rapid effect
  • application slowly (coagulation, toxic/allergic reaction)
  • irritating drugs into the vein, not around
  • oil-based not to be given (embolism)
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7
Q

Site for IV

A
  • Cephalic, jugular, lateral saphenous, femoral, caudal, udder veins
  • Horse: vena jugularis
  • Cattle: vena jugularis, vena caudalis, udder veins
  • Sheep, goat: vena jugularis
  • Swine: vena cava cranialis, (ear or jugular vein), heart (neonates)
  • Dog, Cat: vena cephalica antebrachii, vena saphena
  • Rabbit: vena auricularis marginalis, vena jugularis
  • Rat, mouse: vena caudalis
  • Poultry: wing vein (vena cutanea ulnaris), leg veins
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8
Q

Intramuscular (IM): characteristics

A
  • slower onset of action (slower absorption)
  • water-based formfaster
  • oil-based/other diluent -> slower
  • longer duration of action
  • irritating drug should not be given
  • deep in a large muscle
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9
Q

Site for IM

A
  • large muscles (gluteal, femoral, dorsal, cervical)
  • praescapular
  • poultry - thigh/breast muscles
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10
Q

Subcutaneous (SC): characteristics

A
  • large volumes of non-irritating solutions/other preparation, irritating/hyperosmotic solution not be given Ø
  • slower onset of action
  • slightly longer duration than IM
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11
Q

Site for SC

A
  • skin is soft enough, easy to make folds (neck, chest, groin, base of ear (swine))
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12
Q

Intradermal (ID): characteristics

A
  • into the layer of skin

- for testing for tuberculosis/allergic conditions

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13
Q

Intraperitoneal (IP): characteristics

A
  • abdominal cavity
  • peritoneum large surface area for absorption
  • Fluids, electrolyte solution/other preparation
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14
Q

Intraarterial (IA): characteristics

A
  • directly into an artery

- seldom-used (may happen by mistake)

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15
Q

Intramedullar (intraosseal): characteristics

A
  • seldom-used

- directly into the bone marrow

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16
Q

Intraarticular: characteristics

A
  • directly into a joint

- inflammatory conditions of the joint

17
Q

Intracardiac: characteristics

A
  • through the chest wall
  • directly into the chambers of the heart
  • cardiopulmonary resuscitation/euthanasia
18
Q

Subdural/epidural: characteristics

A
  • spinal anaesthesia: subarachnoid, subdural (intrathecal) -
    inside the dura mater
  • epidural: regional anaesthesia - outside the dura mater, inside the spinal canal (caudal anaesthesia in cattle)
19
Q

Other routes: dose forms

A

– Solid: uterine tablet
– Semi-solid: intramammary infusion, gel
– Liquid: solution, extract, emulsion, suspension
– Aerosol: inhalosol

20
Q

Aspects in horses

A
  1. Feed, drinking water:
    - Intake by itself (individual) -> small amount
    - Direct (oral) treatment -> nasogastric tube
  2. Bolus (by hand, balling gun)
  3. ! Gel, paste
  4. Uterine treatment (liquid, tablet)
  5. Parenteral treatment (iv. preferred)
21
Q

Advantage - Disadvantage with horse application

A

-PO: may be harmful -> aspiration of solid matters,
disturbance of gut flora and/or gut motility (oral antibiotic)lethal
-IM: irritating injection (small volumes divided many sites). Intensive attention and care has to be paid on treatment of aggressive ones. Danger of bite, kick, pawing (stamping with the feet).

22
Q

Aspects in cattle - small Ru

A
  1. feed, tablet (+ other solid)
  2. liquid - individual treatment:
    - orogastric/stomach tube (edentate edge - bottle)
    - drench application
  3. Intraruminal bolus (anthelmintic)
  4. uterus/udder treatment (liquid, tablet, infusion)
  5. Parenteral treatment
23
Q

Advantage - Disadvantage with cattle - small Ru application

A
  • PO:
  • Individual oral treatment - easy (drench, bolus) ?bulls?
  • Oral antibiotic - Ø in adult (ruminal flora), calf (<6-8-week)
  • Large differences in absorption rate of drugs applied IM, upon the mode of animal keeping. In free-kept animals (non-stabled) leg muscles are more active then the cervical part.
  • Danger of kick, pawing (stamping with the feet), jam-compression and butting.
24
Q

Aspects in swine

A
  1. group medication: feed, drinking water (solid) -> adult
  2. individual treatment
    - PO (young): drench, paste, through nostril (1-2 ml)
    - IM: iron supplement
  3. parenteral treatment
25
Q

Advantage – Disadvantage with swine

A

(for vet/veterinary technician)

  • danger of bite
  • pawing, trampling
26
Q

Aspects in poultry

A
  1. group medication: feed, drinking water (solid, liquid)
  2. individual treatment (rare): tweezers (tablet), syringe + tube (liquid)
  3. parenteral treatment
27
Q

Advantage – Disadvantage with poultry

A
  • toxic interaction (more drugs)
  • mismixing (feed) -> economical problems
  • poisoning
  • uneffective treatment (below therapeutic dose)
28
Q

Aspects in dog and cat

A
  1. individual treatment:
    - diet (favourite), drinking water (tea, milk)
    - tweezers, special applicator (pilling gun) (solid)
    - parenteral treatment
29
Q

Advantage – Disadvantage with dog and cat

A
  • Species difference in sensitivity (dog, cat)
    (ivermectin, paracetamol, NSAIDs)
  • Size of animal (breed differences) - dose (volume) of drug (dog)
  • Covering of awful (unpleasant) taste (cat)
  • Danger of bite, scratch
30
Q

Aspects in exotic birds

A
  1. individual treatment
    - diet (favourite), drinking water
    - tweezers (solid, tablet)
    - syringe + tube (liquid)
    - parenteral treatment
31
Q

Advantage - Disadvantage with exotic birds

A
  • examination, administration -> cardiac failure, shock

- cause severe injuries (large parrot, predator)

32
Q

Aspects in reptiles

A
  1. individual treatment (mainly parenteral)
    - poikilotherm: metabolism–temperature-dependent (outer)
    - > danger of overdosage (slow metabolism) ->longer intervals between two applications
33
Q

Aspects in bee

A
  1. group medication
    - feeding (sugar pie)
    - drinking (water, sugar syrup)
    - externally (ectoparasites): spraying, smoking, evaporating
34
Q

Aspects in fish

A
  1. group medication
    - feeding (diet)
    - dipping (ectoparasites)
  2. individual treatment (very rare, mainly parenteral): IM, ICOE (intracoelomal), PO
35
Q

Drug application to form animals on a large scale: aspects

A
  • adjusted for technology
  • large number of animals can be treated at the same time
  • human labour is limited
  • Cheap, simple, sure, adequate – uniform dosage
36
Q

Drug application to form animals on a large scale: Topical (external)

A

a) without fixation:
-dust bag, dusting gate (positioned above a passageway which is regularly
used by cattle, inside/outside building)
-footbath (useful for treatment of foot rot, caustic (copper sulfate), disinfectant (formaldehyde), antibacterials)
-spraying (ectoparasites)
b) with fixation:
-dipping (has to dilute w. water, replenishment during dipping, immerse the whole body, highest-volume - lowest-concentrate)
-pour on, spot on (ectoparasites – cattle, sheep, pig) (RTU liquid, pour on (higher-V - lower-C), spot on (low V - high-C))
-impregnated eartag

37
Q

Drug application to form animals on a large scale: Internal

A

(ectoparasites - cattle)

a) without fixation:
- medicated feed (horse, cattle, swine, poultry)
- medicated water (poultry)
- salty block
- drench gun
- automatic-multidose syringe
- Fumigation, vapours - fogger
b) with fixation: mass „vaccination”, drench fumigation/vapours (fogger)

Pharmacology 1+2 (25 decks)

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