Chapter 15: Musculoskeletal System: Pronunciation of Terms Flashcards

1
Q

acetabulum

A

Rounded depression or socket in the pelvis, which joins the femur forming the hip joint

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2
Q

acromion

A

Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder

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3
Q

articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of cartilage surrounding the bones in the joint space

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4
Q

calcaneal

A

Pertaining to the calcaneus (heel bone)

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5
Q

calcaneus

A

Heel bone

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6
Q

calcium

A

One of the mineral constituents of bone

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7
Q

cancellous bone

A

Spongy, porous bone tissue in the inner part of a bone

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8
Q

carpals

A

Bones of the wrist

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9
Q

cartilage

A

Flexible, connective tissue that is firmer than muscle, yet softer than bone

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10
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

Seven (7) backbones in the neck

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11
Q

chondrocostal

A

Pertaining to cartilage than is attached to the ribs

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12
Q

clavicle

A

Collar bone

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13
Q

coccyx

A

Tailbone

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14
Q

collagen

A

Dense connective tissue strands of protein found in bone

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15
Q

Colles fracture

A

Broken bone occurring in the wrist at the lower end of the radius

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16
Q

comminuted fracture

A

Broken bone that is splintered or crushed

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17
Q

compact bone

A

Hard, dense bone tissue

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18
Q

condyle

A

Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint

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19
Q

cranial bones

A

Bones of the skull

  • ethmoid
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • parietal
  • sphenoid
  • temporal
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20
Q

craniotome

A

Instrument to cut the skull (cranium)

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21
Q

craniotomy

A

Incision of the skull

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22
Q

crepitus

A

Crackling sound produced when ends of the bone rub against each other or against roughened cartilage

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23
Q

decalcification

A

Loss or removal of calcium from bones or teeth

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24
Q

diaphysis

A

Shaft or mid-portion of a long bone

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25
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

Layer of cartilage at the ends of long bones where lengthwise bone growth takes place

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26
Q

epiphysis

A

Each end of a long bone

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27
Q

ethmoid bone

A

Thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the eye

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28
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

Malignant bone tumor occurring in children

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29
Q

exostosis

A

Bony growth arising from the surface of a bone

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30
Q

facial bones

A

Bones of the face

  • mandibular
  • maxillary
  • nasal
  • vomer
  • zygomatic bones
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31
Q

femoral

A

Pertaining to the femur

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32
Q

femur

A

Thigh bone

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33
Q

fibular

A

Smaller of the two lower leg bones

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34
Q

fibular

A

Pertaining to the fibula

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35
Q

fissure

A

Narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones

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36
Q

fontanelle

A

Soft spot between skull bones of an infant

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37
Q

foramen

A

Opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

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38
Q

fossa

A

Shallow cavity in a bone

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39
Q

frontal bone

A

Skull bone that forms the forehead and bony sockets that contain the eyes

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40
Q

haversian canals

A

Minute spaces for blood vessels in compact bone

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41
Q

humeral

A

Pertaining to the humerus (upper arm bone)

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42
Q

humerus

A

Upper arm bone

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43
Q

hypercalcemia

A

High levels of calcium in the blood

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44
Q

iliac

A

Pertaining to the ilium (upper and largest portion of the pelvic bone)

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45
Q

ilium

A

Upper and largest portion of the pelvic (hip) bone

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46
Q

impacted fracture

A

Broken bone in which one fragment is driven firmly into the other fragment

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47
Q

ischial

A

Pertaining to the ischium (posterior portion of the pelvic bone)

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48
Q

ischium

A

Posterior (back) portion of the pelvic (hip) bone

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49
Q

kyphosis

A

Abnormal condition of outward curvature (convexity) of the thoracic spine

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50
Q

lacrimal bones

A

Two (2) small facial bones that contain tear glands and canals for the passage of tear ducts

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51
Q

lamina

A

One (1) of two (2) posterior (back) arches of a vertabra

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52
Q

laminectomy

A

Surgical removal of the posterior portion of a vertebra to relieve pressure on a spinal nerve or spinal cord from a displaced intervertebral disk

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53
Q

lordosis

A

Forward curvature of the lumbar spinal column. In it’s extreme form, it is known as “swayback”

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54
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

Backbones (5) in the region of the waist (middle section below the chest)

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55
Q

lumbosacral

A

Pertaining to the lower bones of the back (lumbar and sacral regions)

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56
Q

malleolar

A

Pertaining to a malleolus

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57
Q

malleolus

A

Either of two (2) bony enlargements (processes) on each side of an ankle

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58
Q

mandible

A

Lower jaw bone

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59
Q

mandibular

A

Pertaining to the lower jaw bone

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60
Q

manubrium

A

Upper portion of the sternum

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61
Q

mastoid process

A

Round projection (process) on the temporal bone behind the head

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62
Q

medullary cavity

A

Inner section of a bone containing soft bone marrow tissue

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63
Q

metacarpals

A

Hand bones

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64
Q

metacarpectomy

A

Surgical excision of hand bones

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65
Q

metaphysis

A

Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone and the epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone

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66
Q

metatarsalgia

A

Foot pain

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67
Q

metatarsals

A

Foot bones

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68
Q

myelopoiesis

A

Formation of bone marrow

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69
Q

nasal bones

A

One (1) of two (2) facial bones that form the nose

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70
Q

occipital bone

A

Forms the posterior portion of the skull

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71
Q

olecranal

A

Pertaining to the elbow (olecranon)

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72
Q

olecranon

A

Large process on the end (proximal) of the ulna; elbow

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73
Q

orthopedics

A

Surgical specialty devoted to straightening, correcting, and treating deformities and diseases in bones

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74
Q

osseous tissue

A

Bone tissue

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75
Q

ossificiation

A

Process of forming bone

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76
Q

osteitis

A

Inflammation of bone

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77
Q

osteoblast

A

Bone cell responsible for forming bony tissue

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78
Q

osteoclast

A

Large bone cell that functions to absorb and remove unwanted bony tissue during growth and healing fractures

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79
Q

osteodystrophy

A

Abnormal development of bone

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80
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Congenital bone disease in which bones are unusally brittle and fragile

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81
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

Malignant (cancerous) tumor of bone tissue

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82
Q

osteomalacia

A

Softening of bones with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in bone; rickets

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83
Q

osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow

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84
Q

osteopenia

A

Deficiency of bone tissue caused by destruction of bone tissue that exceeds the rate of bone matrix growth

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85
Q

osteoporosis

A

Abnormal condition of increased loss of bony tissue. Bones become thin, weak, brittle, and break easily

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86
Q

osteotome

A

Instrument to cut bone

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87
Q

parietal bones

A

Two (2) bones on either side of the skull

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88
Q

patella

A

Kneecap

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89
Q

pelvimetry

A

Measurement of the hip bone to determine if delivery of the infant through the vagina is possible

90
Q

periosteum

A

Membrane surrounding the bones

91
Q

peroneal

A

Pertaining to the fibular

92
Q

phalangeal

A

Pertaining to finger and toe bones

93
Q

phalanges

A

Finger and toe bones

94
Q

phosphorus

A

Mineral found in bones and teeth

95
Q

pubic symphysis

A

Area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the midline of the pelvic bone. It is a slightly movable joint separated by a disk of fibrocartilage

96
Q

pubic

A

One (1) of two (2) bones forming the front portion of the hipbone

97
Q

radial

A

Pertaining to the radius, a bone in the lower arm (thumb side of the wrist)

98
Q

radius

A

One (1) of two (2) bones in the lower arm (connecting to the wrist on the thumb side)

99
Q

red bone marrow

A

Soft bone tissue in spongy, cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis

100
Q

reduction

A

Reconnection of a bone to its normal position after a fracture

101
Q

ribs

A

Twelve (12) pairs of curved, elongated bones in the chest

102
Q

sacral vertebrae

A

Bones of the sacrum (lower back below the lumbar region)

103
Q

scapula

A

Shoulder blade

104
Q

scapular

A

Pertaining to the shoulder blade

105
Q

scoliosis

A

Abnormal condition of lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine

106
Q

sella turcica

A

Depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull; location of the pituitary gland

107
Q

sinus

A

Hollow, air cavity within a bone

108
Q

sphenoid bone

A

Bat-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the skull

109
Q

spinal stenosis

A

Narrowing of the neural canal or nerve root canals in the lumbar spine

110
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

Forward slipping or sublaxation of one (1) vertebral column) characterized by stiffness and fixation of vertebral joints

111
Q

sternum

A

Breast bone

112
Q

styloid process

A

Pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

113
Q

subcostal

A

Pertaining to under the ribs

114
Q

subpatellar

A

Pertaining to under the patella (knee cap)

115
Q

supraclavicular

A

Pertaining to above the clavicle (collar bone)

116
Q

suture

A

Immovable, fibrous joint, as between the bones of the skull

117
Q

talipes

A

Club foot; foot is fixed in an abnormal position due to a congenital deformity of the ankle and foot

118
Q

tarsals

A

Ankle boxes

119
Q

tarsectomy

A

Removal of an anklebone

120
Q

temporal bones

A

Two (2) bones on each side of the skull near the ear

121
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

Connection between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw (lower jaw bone)

122
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

Twelve (12) backbones in the region of the chest

123
Q

tibia

A

Larger of the two (2) lower leg bones

124
Q

tibial

A

Pertaining to the larger of the two lower leg bones

125
Q

trabeculae

A

Supporting bundles of fibers in cancellous, spongy (soft) bone

126
Q

trochanter

A

Large process at the neck of the femur (thigh bone)

127
Q

tubercle

A

Small, rounded process on a bone

128
Q

tuberosity

A

Large, rounded process on a bone

129
Q

ulna

A

One (1) of two (2) bones in the lower arm; connects to the wrist on the little finger side

130
Q

ulnar

A

Pertaining to the ulna

131
Q

vertebra
(singular)

vertebrae
(plural)

A

Backbone

132
Q

vomer

A

Thin plate of bone that forms part of the nasal septum, which is the wall separating the nostrils

133
Q

xiphoid process

A

Lower, narrow portion of the sternum (breastbone)

134
Q

yellow bone matter

A

Fatty tissue in the shaft of long bones

135
Q

zygomatic bones

A

Cheekbones of the face

136
Q

abduction

A

Muscle movement away from the midline of the body

137
Q

achondroplasia

A

Inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size

138
Q

adduction

A

Muscle movement toward the midline of the body

139
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

Damage to nerves on the lateral columns of the spinal cord and lower region of the brain, leading to progressive muscular paralysis

140
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

Chronic inflammatory joint disease involving the backbones; marked by stiffness and eventual fusion (anklyosis) of involved joints

141
Q

ankylosis

A

Immobility (fusion) of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure

142
Q

arthrodesis

A

Surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement

143
Q

arthrotomy

A

Incision of a joint

144
Q

articular cartilage

A

Cartilage surrounding bones in a joint

145
Q

articulation

A

A connection between bones; joint

146
Q

atrophy

A

Wasting away (lack of development) of a normally developed organ or tissue, especially muscle

147
Q

bunion

A

Abnormal swelling of the joint between the big toe and a bone of the foot

148
Q

bursa
(singular)

bursae
(plural)

A

Sac of fluid between tendons and bones near a joint

149
Q

bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

150
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament, bones and tendons of the wrist

151
Q

chondroma

A

Benign tumor of cartilage

152
Q

chrondromalacia

A

Softening of cartilage

153
Q

dislocation

A

Displacement of a bone from its joint

154
Q

dorsiflexion

A

Backward (upward) bending of the foot

155
Q

extension

A

Increasing the angle between two bones and straightening a limb

156
Q

fascia

A

Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscle

157
Q

fasciectomy

A

Removal of fascia

158
Q

fibromyalgia

A

Chronic pain and stiffness in muscles and fibrous tissue, especially in the shoulders, neck, hips, and knees

159
Q

flexion

A

Decreasing the angle between two (2) bones, as in bending a limb

160
Q

ganglion

A

Cystic mass arising from a tendon

161
Q

gouty arthritis

A

Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the blood and uric acid crystals deposited in joints

162
Q

hemarthrosis

A

Condition of blood in a joint

163
Q

hydrarthrosis

A

Condition of water or fluid in a joint

164
Q

hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of tissue or an organ due to increase in size of individual cells

165
Q

hyperuricemia

A

Increase in uric acid in the blood

166
Q

leiomyoma

A

Benign tumor of smooth, involuntary muscle

167
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of smooth muscle

168
Q

ligament

A

Connective tissue binding bones to other bones

169
Q

ligamentous

A

Pertaining to a ligament

170
Q

Lyme disease

A

Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgias, neurologic and cardiac symptoms.

171
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

Group of inherited disorders marked by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers

172
Q

myalgia

A

Muscle pain

173
Q

myopathy

A

Disease of muscles

174
Q

myositis

A

Inflammation of muscles

175
Q

osteoarthritis

A

Inflammation of bones and joints with degeneration of cartilage in the joint space

176
Q

plantar flexion

A

Motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground

177
Q

podagra

A

Foot pain that occurs in the joint of the big toe in gout (gouty arthritis)

178
Q

polyarthritis

A

Inflammation of many joints

179
Q

polymyalgia

A

Pain of many (several) muscles, especially in the shoulders and hips

180
Q

polymyositis

A

Inflammation of many muscles

181
Q

pronation

A

As applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm backward or down

182
Q

pyrexia

A

Fever

183
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

Benign tumor of striated, voluntary muscle

184
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of striated, voluntary muscle

185
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

Chronic inflammatory and painful disease of joints; caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissues

186
Q

rheumatologist

A

Medical doctor specializing in diagnosis and treatment of joint disorders

187
Q

rotation

A

Circular movement around an axis (central point)

188
Q

sprain

A

Trauma to a joint with pain, swelling and injury to ligaments

189
Q

strain

A

Muscle injury involving overstretching of muscle with pain and swelling

190
Q

striated muscle

A

Composed of bands of fibers that make the muscle look striped (striated); attached to bones (voluntary or skeletal muscle)

191
Q

subluxation

A

Partial or incomplete dislocation of a bone from its joint

192
Q

supination

A

As applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm forward or up

193
Q

suture joint

A

Joint in which apposed bones are closely united

194
Q

synovial cavity

A

Space between bones at a synovial joint. Contains synovial fluid

195
Q

synovial fluid

A

Sticky (viscous) fluid within the joint space (synovial cavity)

196
Q

synovial joint

A

Freely movable joint

197
Q

synovial membrane

A

Membrane lining the synovial joint cavity; produces synovial fluid

198
Q

synovitis

A

Inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the synovial joint

199
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, blood vessels and other organs; marked by a reddish (erythematous) facial rash that resembled the bite of a wolf (lupus)

200
Q

tendinitis

A

Inflammation of tendons; tendonitis

201
Q

tendon

A

A type of connective tissue that binds muscles to bones

202
Q

tenorrhaphy

A

Suture of a tendon

203
Q

tenosynovitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath or covering

204
Q

visceral muscle

A

Muscle that lines the walls of internal organs; smooth or involuntary muscle

205
Q

antinuclear antibody test

A

Detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

206
Q

arthrocentesis

A

Surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint

207
Q

arthrography

A

X-ray imaging of a joint after injection of a contrast material

208
Q

arthroplasty

A

Surgical repair of a joint (with prostheses)

209
Q

arthroscopy

A

Visual examination of the inside of a joint with an endoscope

210
Q

bone density test

A

Low energy x-rays are taken of bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to determine bone density

211
Q

bone scan

A

Uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone

212
Q

computed tomography

A

X-ray beam and a computer provide cross-sectional images of bones and soft tissue abnormalities

213
Q

diskography

A

X-ray images of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disks after injection of contrast material into the interior of the disk

214
Q

electromyography

A

Process of recording the strength of muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation

215
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)
(sed rate)

A

Measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube

216
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

A magnetic field and radio waves create images of soft tissues and muscles

217
Q

muscle biopsy

A

Removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination

218
Q

rheumatoid factor test

A

Serum (blood minus clotting proteins and cells) is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

219
Q

serum calcium

A

Measurement of calcium in serum

220
Q

serum creatine kinase

A

Measurement of an enzyme (creatine phosphokinase) in serum

221
Q

uric acid test

A

Measurement of uric acid in serum; high levels are associated with gouty arthritis