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Cam's Cards > Mace - Blood > Flashcards

Mace - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

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2
Q

Temperature of blood relative to body temperature?

A

1 degree Celsius above body temp

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3
Q

What percentage of blood is made up by plasma?

A

55%

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4
Q

Plasma volume <55% indicates _______

A

dehydration

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5
Q

Plasma is what percent water?

A

95%

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6
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A

Erythrocytes, neutrophils, and platelets

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7
Q

What are the 3 major categories of plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen

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8
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumins

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of globulins

A

Alpha, beta, and gamma globulins

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10
Q

What is the smallest type of globulin?

A

Alpha

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11
Q

What is the function of alpha and beta globulins?

A

Involved in transport and complement system

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12
Q

What is the function of gamma globulins?

A

Antibodies

Ig stands from immune globulin

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13
Q

Where are albumins and fibrinogen made?

A

Liver

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14
Q

All blood cells come from what cell?

A

Multipotent stem cell

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15
Q

Myeloid stem cells eventually become what 6 types of cells?

A 
Erythrocytes
Megakaryocytes (which make platelets)
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes
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16
Q

What types of white blood cells are granular leukocytes?

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

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17
Q

Lymphatic stem cells become what 2 types of cells?

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

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18
Q

What cells make up the agranular leukoctyes?

A

Monocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes

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19
Q

What is the largest blood cell?

A

monocyte

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20
Q

Where are B lymphocytes processed?

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

Where are T lymphocytes processed

A

Thymus

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22
Q

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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23
Q

Do erythrocyte have organelles?

A

No

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24
Q

What is the structure of an erythrocyte?

A

Biconcave disc

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25
Q

What stimulates EPO production?

A

Hypoxemia

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26
Q

What is the benefit to the biconcave disc shape of erythrocytes?

A

Allows them to fold in half and fit in small capillaries

Allows more erythrocytes to fit in small capillaries allowing for more gas exchange

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27
Q

Difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?

A

Hypoxia is low O2 in tissue

Hypoxemia is low O2 in blood

28
Q

Does hemoglobin exhibit cooperative binding of O2?

A

Yes

29
Q

Describe the structure of hemoglobin?

A

Made of 2 alpha globin chains and 2 beta globin chains. Iron binds in the center.

30
Q

What is the fate of hemoglobin after the spleen and liver break up old erythrocytes?

A

The globin portion is hydrolyzed into free amino acids
The Heme is split into iron, which is recycled or excreted, and biliverdin, which is converted into bilirubin and then bile.

31
Q

How long after EPO secretion would you see an increased RBC count?

A

2 weeks

32
Q

People with blood type A have which surface antigen and which agglutinins?

A

Surface antigen A

Anti B antibodies

33
Q

What surface antigens does a B + patient have on their RBCs?

A

Surface antigen B

Surface antigen D (+ refers to Rh factor, Patients who are Rh positive have surface antigen D.)

34
Q

What is the first WBC to arrive at a site of infection?

A

Neutrophils

35
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil?

A

Phagocytosis

Oxidative burst

36
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

phagocytize ag-ab complexes

Release cytotoxic compounds to kill parasitic worms

37
Q

Function of basophils?

A

Local vasodilation and increase capillary permeability

38
Q

Function of B lymphocytes?

A

antibody production after differentiation into plasma cells

39
Q

What two types of T lymphocytes are there?

A

T killer and T helper cells

40
Q

Function of T killer cells?

A

Kill invaders

41
Q

Function of T helper cells?

A

Opsonization (summons the army)

42
Q

Function of natural killer cells?

A

“whisper death program into ear of bad guys”

43
Q

What WBC makes up the highest percentage of WBC’s in the blood?

A

Neutrophils at 50-70%

44
Q

What is the least numerous type of WBC in the blood?

A

Basophils 0.5-1%

45
Q

Name the types of WBC’s from most to least numerous

A 
Neutrophils 50-70%
Lymphocytes 25-33%
Monocytes 3-8%
Eosinophils 1-4%
Basophils 0.5-1%
46
Q

Innate immunity involves what cell type?

A

Natural killer cells

47
Q

Adaptive immunity involves what cell type?

A

B cells and T cells

48
Q

Longest living WBC?

A

B and T cells, some live for months, some live for decades

49
Q

In general, do granulocytes or agranulocytes live longer?

A

agranulocytes

50
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?

A

Production of platelets

51
Q

What cell is responsible for production of platelets?

A

Megakaryocyte

52
Q

What hormone is responsible for platelet production?

A

TPO

53
Q

Describe the process of platelet production

A

Megakaryocytes stick “foot” inside a vessel, and puts granules containing hormones into them. Cell fragments break off and become platelets

54
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway for clotting.

A

Damage to inside of vessel wall causes platelets to activate production of factor XII.
Factor XII activates Factor XI
Factor XI actives factor IX
Factor IX binds to Ca2+ and PF3, leading to activation of factor VIII

55
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway for clotting.

A

Damage to perivascular tissue causes factor III (thromboplastin) to bind to factor VII. This complex binds Ca2+.

56
Q

Describe the common pathway for clotting.

A

Factor X is activated, which binds to Factor II, Factor V, Ca2+, and PF3.
This becomes prothrombin activator.
Prothrombin activator facilitates the transition of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin. Fibrin binds to factor XIII and Ca2+ creating a fibrin polymer

57
Q

What is the positive feedback loop in the clotting cascade?

A

Thrombin binds to factor V leading to more prothrombin activator

58
Q

What activates fibrinolysis?

A

Thrombin

59
Q

How long after clotting does fibrinolysis start?

A

within 2 days

60
Q

Describe the fibrinolysis pathway

A

Thrombin activates kallikrein.
Kallikrein lead to activation of plasminogen.
Plasminogen works with t-PA to for plasmin which breaks down clots.

61
Q

How does heparin work?

A

Increases rate of thrombin-antithrombin reaction by 1000 times

62
Q

How does low molecular weight heparin work?

A

Inhibits Xa formation by antithrombin

63
Q

How does warfarin work?

A

Blocks vitamin K synthesis in the liver

64
Q

Vitamin K is needed to produce what factors?

A

factor II, VII, IX, X

65
Q

How does dabigatran work?

A

Inhibitis activation of clotting factors

66
Q

How does rivaroxaban work?

A

Inhibits activated clotting factors directly.

Cam's Cards (103 decks)

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