A And P Chapter 13a Spinal Cord

Question 1

What is the dural sheath

Answer 1

Dura mater from brain extended to spinal cord called dural sheath. Outermost meninges of spinal cord

Question 2

Describe epidural space

Answer 2

Sits outside dural sheath (epi). Fatty and vascularized space.

Question 3

Where are epidurals performed

Answer 3

Epidural space

Question 4

What is the conus medullaris

Answer 4

Cone shaped ending of spinal cord at L2

Question 5

What is the filum terminale

Answer 5

Extension of the Pia mater. From ending of spinal cord (conus medullaris) and anchors on coccyx.

Question 6

What are denticulate ligaments

Answer 6

Pia mater extensions that attach spinal cord to the vertebral walls. Entire length of cord

Question 7

What is the cauda equina

Answer 7

Horse tail shaped. Nerve roots in inferior vertebral canal, distal to conus medularis. the collection of these nerves at the end of the spinal cord. These nerves send and receive messages to and from the lower limbs and pelvic organs

Question 8

How many pairs of spinal nerves

Answer 8

31

Question 9

What are cervical and lumbar enlargements

Answer 9

Where nerves serving upper and lower limbs shoot out

Question 10

Where is the lateral horn seen and what does it contain

Answer 10

T2 to L1. Contains neurons of sympathetic NS

Question 11

Why is there no enlargement of thoracic spine

Answer 11

Need space for sympathetic NS which arises from lateral horn

Question 12

Name the order of the meninges from superficial to deep

Answer 12

Dural sheath, arachnoid mater, Pia mater

Question 13

Where to motor neurons emerge

Answer 13

Ventral horns of gray matter to ventral root of spinal nerve

Question 14

Where do sensory neurons emerge from and their continuing path

Answer 14

Dorsal horn to dorsal root to dorsal root ganglion to spinal nerve

Question 15

Where is the body of sensory neurons located

Answer 15

Outside of CNS in dorsal root ganglion

Question 16

Where are the bodies of motor neurons located

Answer 16

In CNS in ventral horn

Question 17

Where are interneurons located

Answer 17

In CNS in dorsal horn

Question 18

What is the gray commisure

Answer 18

Connects right and left sides of gray matter butterfly and contains the central canal

Question 19

What are ependymal cells and where are they found

Answer 19

Line ventricles in brain and central canal of spinal cord. Make CSF fluid

Question 20

What is the function of white matter in the spinal cord

Answer 20

Bundles of axons that course up and down cord providing communication to different levels of CNS. Tracts or funicculi

Question 21

What do ascending spinal tracts do

Answer 21

Carry sensory info up

Question 22

What do descending spinal tracts do

Answer 22

Carry motor info down

Question 23

What is decussation in regard to spinal tracts

Answer 23

Crossing of the midline that occurs in many tracts. Brain senses and controls opposite side of body

Question 24

What is contralateral in regard to spinal tracts

Answer 24

When origin and destination of tract are on opposite sides of body

Question 25

What is ipsilateral in regard to spinal tracts

Answer 25

When origin and destination of a tract are on the same side of the body

Question 26

What are funicculi

Answer 26

White matter columns that contain ascending and descending fiber tracts in spinal cord

Question 27

Where does decussation occur in ascending spinal tracts

Answer 27

A lot of places

Question 28

Where does decussation occur in descending spinal tracts

Answer 28

Somatic efferent fibers cross at the decussation of pyramids in the brain stems medulla

Question 29

What is relay in regard to spinal tracts

Answer 29

Most tracts have 2-3 neurons minimum that synapse and pass along the signal through the pathway

Question 30

What is the function of the thalamus

Answer 30

Is the gateway to the brain. Interprets signals and sends them to where they need to go in brain

Question 31

Describe spinocerebellar tracts

Answer 31

From spinal cord to cerebellum. Proprioception (unconscious muscle sense)

Question 32

Describe spinothalamic tracts

Answer 32

From spinal cord to thalamus and cerebral cortex. Aware of crude sensation like touch and temp

Question 33

Describe fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus tracts

Answer 33

To cerebral cortex. Proprioception and discriminative touch

Question 34

What is more important motor output or sensory input

Answer 34

Motor function

Question 35

What receives all conscious stimuli in brain

Answer 35

Thalamus

Question 36

In regard to descending spinal tracts (motor) where is the upper motor neuron from and what does it communicate with

Answer 36

Originates in cerebrum motor cortex and communicates with lower motor neuron

Question 37

In regard to descending spinal tracts (motor) where is the lower motor neuron originating and what is its purpose

Answer 37

Ventral horn motor neurons that originate in brain stem or spinal cord. Axons leave CNS to target organs or somatic muscle

Question 38

What are corticospinal tracts (pyramidal)

Answer 38

From upper motor neuron to lower motor neuron for voluntary motor control

Question 39

Function of extrapyramidal tracts

Answer 39

Muscle tone and balance

Question 40

What is paraplegia

Answer 40

Impairment or loss of motor function in thoracic spine down

Question 41

What is quadriplegia

Answer 41

Motor or sensory function loss in cervical spine due to damage

Question 42

What is poliomyelitis

Answer 42

Anterior horn destruction (motor neurons) caused by polio virus

Question 43

What is multiple sclerosis

Answer 43

Autoimmune damage to myelin covering causing disruption of motor and sensory signal throughout the CNS

Question 44

What is ALS or Loud Gehrig disease

Answer 44

Destroys motor neurons and causes muscular atrophy and sclerosis of lateral spinal cord. Caused by glutamate toxicity

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