Tissues/Histology Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
what are the 4 basic tissue types
A
Epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
2
Q
What is epithelial tissue used for
A
lining/covering and secretory or glandualry tissue
3
Q
what is connective tissue used for
A
support and nutrititon for other tissue
4
Q
what is muscular tissue used for
A
contracts to produce movement
5
Q
what is nervous tissue used for
A
integration and control
6
Q
What are the 3 primary germ layers
A
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
7
Q
what comes from the ectoderm layer of embryonic cell
A
epithelium, specifically the epidermis and nervous system
8
Q
what comes from the mesoderm layer of the embryonic cell
A
endothelium
mesothelium
muscle
connective tissue
epithelium
9
Q
what come from the endoderm layer of the embryonic cell
A
epithelium and mucosae
10
Q
Why is genome like a circuit breaker box
A
genes switch on and off to differentiate cells
cancer can turn some genes back on
11
Q
what is epithelial tissue defined by
A
cell shape
nucleus
and where nucleus is located
12
Q
what do epithelial cells look like
A
packed tightly toghether
apical and basal surfaces/layers
regenerate rapidly at basal layer
13
Q
does epithelial tissue have blood vessels
A
no it is not vascularized
14
Q
what three junctions does ET have
A
tight
gap
desmosomes
15
Q
where does ET get nutrients
A
CT
16
Q
what are the cell shapes in ET
A
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
17
Q
what is simple ET
A
one layer of cells
18
Q
what is stratified ET
A
2 or more layers of cells
19
Q
what do the cells look like in simple squamous (top view)
A
flat cells with centrallly located nucleus
20
Q
functions of simple squamous ET
A
diffusion of gasses in lung alveoli
secretion of serous fluid/covers organs
filtration in the kidneys
smooth inner blood vessel wall
(Lining, gas diffusion, filtration)
21
Q
functions of simple cuboidal
A
secretion of hormones
reabsorption in tubules in the kidneys
22
Q
description of simple cuboidal ET
A
single layer of cube like cells
big round, central nuclei
may have microvilli
23
Q
where is simple cuboidal ET found
A
wall of small glandular ducts
wall of kidney tubules
surface of the ovaries
24
Q
functions of simple ciliated columnar
A
movement of particles
25
description of simple columnar ET
column shaped cells in single layer
nuclei elliptical or round located in the bottom 3rd of the cell
goblet cells common
may have cilia or microvilli
26
functions of simple non-ciliated columnar
GI tract for absorption and secretion
27
Where are goblet cells found
in simple columnar or psuedostratified columnar ET
28
why dont goblet cells stain
they have a high water and lipid content
29
what do goblet cells do
secrete mucus
30
where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar found
lining of upper respiratory tract
lining of trachea
31
description of pseudostratified columnar ET
mostly columnar cells at different heights
nuceli sit at bottom levels
goblet cells common
32
where is pseudostratified non-ciliated columnar found
large glands and parts of the male urethra
33
functions of psuedostratified columnar ET
secretion of mucus and propulsion of mucus if ciliated
34
where is non keratinized stratified squamous ET found
esophagus
mouth
vagina
35
description of stratified squamous ET
many layers of cells
cells near basement mebrane are cuboidal to columnar in shape
cells flatter going towards the apical surface
36
where is keratinized stratified squamous ET found
skin epidermis
never inside of body
37
What do transitional ET cells look like
surface cells look domed or squamous when stretched
basal cells look cuboidal or columnar
38
where is transitional ET found
lined bladder for stretchability
39
what is really the only function of transitional ET
allows for distension of organ as urine collects
40
where is stratified cuboidal found
ovarian follicles
pancreas
salivary glands
sweat glands
generally anywhere that does a lot of secretion
41
where is stratified columnar found
parotid gland duct (big salivary gland)
part of male urethra
42
what do cells look like in stratified columnar
basal cells are cuboidal or columnar
surface cells are columnar
43
what are the two types of glandular epithelia
exocrine and endocrine
44
Where is exocrine glandular epithelia found in
ducts and glands
45
what are the components that make up an exocrine gland (though not limited to)
single cell, simple duct, goblet cells
46
what is endocrine glandular epithelia for? What makes it different from exocrine?
not ducts, only for hormone secretion
47
what are the 3 modes of secretion
merocrine
holocrine
apocrine
48
what is merocrine mode of secretion
secrete by exocytosis as it's produced
most glands are this
49
what are some glands that use merocrine mode of secretion
pancreas
sweat glands
salivary glands
50
what is holocrine mode of secretion
releases when secretory cell ruptures
51
what mode of secretion do sebaceous glands use
holocrine
52
what is apocrine mode of secretion
accumulates product at one edge until it pinches off along with a bit of cytoplasm
53
do human apocrine glands use apocrine mode of secretion
no
54
what are the three components of CT
specialized cells
protein fibers
ground substance
55
what is the extracellular matrix made of in CT
ground substance and fibers
56
what is ground substance in CT
semiliquid
fills in space between cells and fibers
acts like a seive
57
what are the 3 types of fibers in CT
collagen
elastic
reticular
58
what characterizes collagen fibers
inelastic
can still bend
no recoil
super strong
59
what characterizes elastic fibers
elastic
has recoil
60
what characterizes reticular fibers
same stuff in collagen but way thinner
branched
61
what are the classes of CT
CT proper
cartilage
bone
blood/lymph
62
what type of cell builds and is not a fully mature cell
blast
63
what type of cell is mature
cyte
64
what type of cell destroys
clast
65
what type of cell builds fibers and exists anywhere fiber does
fibroblasts
66
what cell makes cartilage
chondroblast
67
what cell makes bone tissue
osteoblast
68
what are hemopoietic cells
stem cells
69
what is a fibroblast mature
fibrocyte
70
what are fat cells
adipocytes
71
What are 4 types of WBCs
neutrophils
eosinophils
lymphyocytes
macrophages
72
what do mast cells secrete
histamine (vasodilator) and heparin
73
what do plasma cells secrete
antibodies
74
what is mesenchyme
embryonic cells
75
what two categories is CT proper split between
loose and dense
76
what are the loose connective tissues
areolar
adipose
reticular
77
what are the dense connective tissues
regular
irreglar elastic
78
where is areolar tissue found
where edema is found; serous membranes, around interstitial tissues, blood vessels
79
What are the characteristics of areolar CT
very visible fibers, lots of matrix, fibers loosely oriented
80
what are the main fibers and cells in areolar CT
collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers
mast cells
fibroblasts
81
what is areolar tissue used for
universal packing tissue
stores fluids/nutrients
can fight low grade infection
82
characteristics of adipose tissue
never blood vessels on slides, but is still very vascularized
no nucleus on slides
nuclei pushed to margin of cell
huge cells
83
main fibers and cells in adipose tissue CT
adipocytes and some reticular fibers
84
where is reticular CT located
anywhere there is lymphocytes
85
What is the function or purpose of adipose tissue
energy storage
protection
insulation
86
describe reticular CT
loose CT
like areolar but only has reticular fibers (still made of collagen)
very branched
87
what is reticular CT function
gives 3D shape to lymphatic tissue
88
characteristics of dense regular CT
collagen runs in one direction
resists pull in one direction
tightly packed fibers
89
Where is dense regular CT found
tendons and ligaments
90
characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue
fibers not all running in one direction
resists pull in many directions
collagen fibers
91
Where is dense irregular tissue found
dermis of skin and submucosa of hollow organs
92
characteristics of dense elastic CT
not super dense or loose
fibers in 1 direction but slightly curled or wavy
has recoil
93
What is elastic CT function (dense Ct proper)
allows for recoil
94
where is elastic CT found (dense Ct proper)
in aorta and stroma of lungs
95
Characteristics of cartilage
avascular and no nerves
resists tension and compression
chondrocytes in lacunae
80% H2O
96
why is transport slow in cartilage
ground substance is like jello
GAGs (glucose aminoglycans) chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid
97
name the types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
98
characteristics of hyaline cartilage
cant see fibers
chondrocytes in lacunae
ground substance looky milky
99
where is hyaline cartilage
fetal skeleton
growth plates
tip of nose
trachea
100
what function does hyaline cartilage have
absorbs compression and shock
101
characteristics of elastic cartilage
almost identical to hyaline, but a lot more elastic fibers
fibers stain blackish
102
what is the function of elastic cartilage
support
flexible
absorbs shock
lots of recoil
103
where is elastic cartilage found
pinna of ear and epiglottis
104
characteristics of fibrocartilage
wispy fibers
fibers run in one direction similar to dense regular CT
chondrocytes in lacunae
105
where is fibrocartilage found
intervertebral discs
meniscus of knee
106
what is the function of fibrocartilage
restists extreme tension and heavy compression
107
What are the three types of lining membranes
cutaneous
mucous
serous
108
What is a cutaneous membrane
dry membrane like the skin/epidermis
109
what is a mucous membrane
moist, secretions in some mucosa
110
what is a serous membrane
a thin double layer
111
an organ is comprised of
at least 2 tissue types
epithelium bound to CT=simple organ
112
what are the two types of tissue repair
regeneration
fibrosis
113
what is regeneration tissue repair
functional or parenchymal repair in which the function of the replaced cells continues
114
what is fibrosis tissue repair
stomal repair or scar tissue in which fibrous tissue knits the damaged parts together but doesnt perform the tissues original function
115
What tissues regenerate well
epithelial tissue
fat
bone
116
name the type of connective tissue
CT proper
loose
areolar
117
name the type of connective tissue
dense irregular
CT proper
118
name the type of connective tissue
Dense regular
CT proper
119
name the type of connective tissue
elastic CT
CT proper
dense
120
name the type of connective issue
elastic cartilage
121
name the type of connective tissue (looks like dense regular but…)
fibrocartilage
122
name the type of connective tissue
hyaline
123
name the type of connective tissue
CT proper
loose
reticular CT
124
name the type of ET
pseudostratified columnar
125
name the type of ET
simple columnar
126
name the type of ET
simple cuboidal
127
name the type of ET
simple squamous
128
name the type of ET
stratified columnar
129
name the type of ET
stratified cuboidal
130
name the type of ET
stratified squamous
131
name the type of ET
transitional
132
Where is simple ciliated columnar found
Respiratory tract
Genitourinary tract
133
Where is simple cuboidal found
Ducts and tubes
Kidney tubules
134
What do reticular fibers do
Give 3D shape to small tissues
135
What are examples of serosa membranes?
Mesentaries and serosae
