A&P Chapter 10 Flashcards by Jessica Rash

A hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the stomach that increases stomach secretions as well as the rate of gastric emptying

Gastrin

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Two muscular rings (upper and lower) that regulate the movement of material into and out of the esophagus

Esophageal Sphincters

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A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

Carboxypeptidase

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A hormone produced in the intestine that stimulates the production of pancreatic secretions and gallbladder contractions and inhibits gastric motility

Cholecystokinin

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A specialized portion of the circulatory system that directs blood from the stomach and intestine through the liver for processing

Hepatoportal System

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The name given to the substance that leaves the stomach once food is digested; it is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids

Chyme

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Digestion of food by enzymes in the stomach and small bowel

Chemical Digestion

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The presence of gallstones

Cholelithiasis

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Related to digestion, it is a thick liquid that binds food particles and lubricates them during swallowing

Mucus

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Rings of muscle that surround an opening, allowing for contraction or closing

Sphincters

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Weakened areas (outpouchings) in the walls of the colon

Diverticuli

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The innermost lining of the lumen of each portion of the alimentary canal; rich in glands, lymphatic tissue, and blood vessels

Mucosa

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The muscular layer of the wall of the alimentary canal

Adventitia

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An appendage attached to the end of the cecum that contains large numbers of lymph nodules

Vermiform Appendix

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The primary enzyme in saliva

Salivary Amylase

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One pair of the three sets of salivary glands; located beneath the tongue

Sublingual Glands

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The enzyme formed from the exposure of pepsinogen to hydrochloric acid in the stomach that is important in the initial breakdown of proteins

Pepsin

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Numerous pits in the stomach mucosa; also called invaginations

Gastric Pits

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The duct through which digestive enzymes pass on their way through the common hepatic duct to the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater

Pancreatic Duct

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The chemical substance produced by parietal cells in the stomach that is important in the absorption of vitamin B 12

Intrinsic Factor

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A cavity created by a double fold of mesentery, which extends inferiorly from the stomach

Omental Bursa

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The body system that carries out the processes of mechanical and chemical digestion; also called the gastrointestinal system

Digestive System

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One of four portions of the colon; it extends from the hepatic flexure across the abdomen to the splenic flexure

Transverse Colon

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Recesses in the colon caused by contractions of the teniae coli

Haustra

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The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of resulting nutrients by the body's cells

Digestion

The bottom of a hollow organ. In the stomach, it is the portion that balloons superior to the cardiac portion to act as a temporary storage area

Fundus

A pancreatic enzyme that AIDS in the digestion of proteins

Trypsin

Intermittent patches of lymph nodes located in the ileum

Peyer Patches

The motion that results in the passage of substances through the digestive tract

Motility

A weakening in the esophageal hiatus that allows the stomach to move above the diaphragm and may result in acid reflux, causing heartburn

Hiatal Hernia

Alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in nonadjacent segments of the small intestine

Segmentation

Parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the organs

Mesenteries

A smooth membrane of connective tissue that lines the abdominal cavity

Parietal Peritoneum

Sensation often caused by the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus; also called reflux esophagitis

Heartburn

Opening in the duodenum into which the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct drain

Ampulla of Vater

A portion of the gastrointestinal system that extends from the small intestine to the rectum and maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water; also called the colon

Large Intestine

Thick folds of the stomach wall

Rugae

The distal orifice of the alimentary canal, where stool passes from the body

Anus

A portion of the gastrointestinal system extending from the small intestine to the rectum that maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water; also called the large intestine

Colon

The last portion of the small intestine, which extends from the jejunum to the ileocecal valve at the beginning of the large intestine

Ileum

The short tube at the end of the rectum that contains two circular sphincters (internal and external), which help regulate the passage of stool

Anal Canal

A digestive enzyme produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Bile

Chewing

Mastication

The fluid produced by the salivary glands that helps break down starches and other polysaccharides into simple sugars, washes the oral cavity, and helps weaken bacteria

Saliva

The sharp bend in the small intestine between the duodenum and the jejunum

Duodenojejunal Flexure

An enzyme produced by the chief cells in the stomach that is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid

Pepsinogen

Finger-like projections in the plicae circulares

Villi

A condition in which parts of the stomach and duodenal lining are eroded by stomach acid

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Pancreatic enzymes that break down fat

Lipases

Rigid stones formed by digestive enzymes within the gallbladder

Gallstones

The junction between the ileum and large intestine

Ileocecal Junction

The first of three sections of the small intestine; it extends posteriorly from the stomach and forms a 180° arch within the retroperitoneal portion of the abdomen

Duodenum

An expandable organ that is located in the left upper quadrant, below the diaphragm

Stomach

System composed of structures and organs involved in the consumption, digestion, and elimination of food; also called the digestive system or gastrointestinal tract

Gastrointestinal (GI) System

The process of contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the alimentary tract that serves to propel food through the system

Peristalsis

The outer lining of the bowel

Serosa

The route through which the gallbladder releases bile

Cystic Duct

The second sharp turn in the large intestine, connecting the transverse colon to the descending colon

Splenic Flexure

Cells that produce a protective mucous lining

Goblet Cells

Tubular glands located in the colon, which contain many mucus-producing goblet cells

Crypts

Circular folds that run perpendicular to the long axis of the digestive tract and increase the surface area available for absorption

Plicae Circulares

Chewing of food

Mechanical Digestion

The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

Alimentary Canal

An anatomic landmark in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen that typically represents the location of pain associated with appendicitis

McBurney Point

Numerous pits in the stomach mucosa; also called gastric pits

Invaginations

The lining next to the mucosa in the gastrointestinal system that contains blood vessels and lymphatic channels

Submucosa

Irritation of the stomach often caused by overproduction of stomach acid by the parietal cells

Gastritis

Cells in the gastric mucosa that produce hydrochloric acid

Parietal Cells

A portion of the longitudinal muscle layer of the wall of the large intestine that encircles the colon

Teniae Coli

The distal portion of the large intestine, ending at the anal canal

Rectum

One of four portions of the colon; it extends from the descending colon and forms a S-shaped tube that extends into the pelvis and ends as the rectum

Sigmoid Colon

Enzymes that break down sugars

Disaccharides

Abnormal dilation of veins in the hemorrhoidal plexus

Hemorrhoids

Enzymes that break down proteins

Peptidases

A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

Chymotrypsin

A capillary and lymph channel contained in each villus

Lacteal

A smooth membrane of connective tissue that lines in immediate contact with the organs within the peritoneal cavity

Visceral Peritoneum

A flat, solid organ that lies below and behind the liver and the stomach, and which is a digestive gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct; considered both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland

Pancreas

A sac-like organ located on the lower surface of the liver that acts as a reservoir for bile

Gallbladder

The portion of the gastrointestinal system that consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and is the major site of food digestion and nutrient absorption

Small Intestine

An opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

Esophageal Hiatus

A large abdominal organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses

Liver

A fiberoptic scope used in the visual examination of the colon

Colonoscope

Symptoms from cholelithiasis; also called a gallbladder attack

Cholecystitis

The first turn (sharp left turn near the inferior border of the liver) in the large intestine at the end of the ascending colon and beginning of the transverse colon

Hepatic Flexure

A two-layer smooth membrane of connective tissue that surrounds a group of digestive organs within the abdomen

Peritoneum

A hormone that inhibits both gastric secretion and motility

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

The middle portion of the small intestine; it has thicker walls and more folds than the other portions of the small intestine

Jejunum

A hormone produced by the duodenum that inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates the production of alkaline pancreatic secretions

Secretin

One pair of the three sets of salivary glands

Parotid Glands

One of four portions of the colon; it extends upward from the cecum

Ascending Colon

Inflammation of the appendix

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the diverticuli

Diverticulitis

The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist; includes the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

Salivary Glands

Large veins that line the inside of the anal canal

Hemorrhoidal Plexus

One of four portions of the colon; it extends from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon

Descending Colon

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens

Cecum

The backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus; also called heartburn

Reflux Esophagitis

Cells in the stomach mucosa that produce pepsinogen, an important enzyme in the digestion of food

Chief Cells

Cells that produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food

Absorptive Cells

An acid produced by parietal cells in the stomach that AIDS in digestion

Hydrochloric Acid

Cells in the stomach mucosa that produce regulatory hormones

Endocrine Cells

One pair of the three sets of salivary glands located beneath the mandible

Submandibular Glands

Gas within the colon

Flatus