A&P Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
A condition that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart, which restricts the heart’s stroke volume.
A
Pericardial Tamponade
2
Q
A specialized form of cell division that occurs during the formation of a mature ova and sperm
A
Meiosis
3
Q
The nerve center, or central body, of the cell, embedded within the protoplasm
A
Nucleus
4
Q
Rounded, dense structures in the protoplasm that contain RNA and synthesize proteins
A
Nucleoli
5
Q
Excessive accumulation of fluid within the pleural space
A
Pleural Effusion
6
Q
An area behind the parietal peritoneum that contains the kidneys, pancreas, duodenum, and major blood vessels of the abdominal cavity
A
Retroperitoneal Space
7
Q
The property of the cell membrane that describes the ability to allow certain elements to pass through while not allowing others to do so
A
Semipermeable
8
Q
The division of chromosomes in a cell nucleus
A
Mitosis
9
Q
Tissue that changes in appearance due to tension; it lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra
A
Transitional Epithelium
10
Q
Hollow areas within the body that contain organs and organ systems
A
Body Cavities
11
Q
Substances, such as the organelles, that are found inside the cell membranes
A
Intracellular
12
Q
Components of the neurons that receive impulses from the axon and contain vesicles for release of neurotransmitters
A
Dendrites
13
Q
All of the other cells in the human body besides the sex cells
A
Somatic Cells
14
Q
The process of disintegration or breakdown of cells that occurs when excess water enters the cell through osmosis
A
Lysis
15
Q
Rows of square-shaped epithelial cells
A
Cuboidal Epithelium
16
Q
A viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium for intracellular transport; also called cytoplasm
A
Protoplasm
17
Q
The gel-like material inside a cell. It makes up most of the cell’s volume, and suspends the cell’s organelles; also called protoplasm
A
Cytoplasm
18
Q
A thick, fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart; also called the pericardium
A
Pericardial Sac
19
Q
A condition, often caused by trauma, in which the pericardial sac fills with too much fluid, impairing the heart’s ability to expand and contract properly
A
Pericardial Effusion
20
Q
A division of the skeletal system that includes the head, neck, and trunk
A
Axial Region
21
Q
An abnormal accumulation of air within the pleural space
A
Pneumothorax
22
Q
The portion of a serous membrane that covers the outside of an internal organ
A
Visceral Portion
23
Q
Substances located outside of the cell membrane
A
Extracellular
24
Q
The area of the neck containing the lymph nodes, brachial plexus, spinal accessory nerve, and a portion of the subclavian artery
A
Posterior Triangle
25
A process where molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
26
Long, slender filaments projecting from a nerve cell that conduct impulses to adjacent cells
Axons
27
The portion of the serous membrane that lines the walls of the trunk cavities
Parietal Portion
28
A deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues
Hypoxia
29
The ongoing process of cell renewal where some cells actively divide during life and others die and are replaced by new cells
Remodeling
30
Voluntary muscle tissue attached to bones and composed of long thread-like cells that have light and dark striations
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
31
A method used to move compounds across a cell membrane to create or maintain an imbalance of charges, usually against a concentration gradient and requiring the expenditure of energy
Active Transport
32
The process of ingesting and destroying foreign matter by certain types of leukocytes
Phagocytosis
33
The basic nerve cells of the nervous system, containing a nucleus within a cell body and extending one or more processes; they exist in masses to form nervous tissue
Neurons
34
The process whereby a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of cells from areas of higher to lower concentration
Facilitated Diffusion
35
Tail-like microtubule structures capable of motion to propel the cell
Flagella
36
The noncellular layer in an epithelial cell that anchors the overlying epithelial tissues
Basement Membrane
37
A potential space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura; it is described as "potential" because under normal conditions, the space does not exist
Pleural Space
38
Rows of tall, thin epithelial cells
Columnar Epithelium
39
The structure at the top of the axial skeleton that houses the brain and consists of the 28 bones that comprise the auditory ossicles, the cranium, and the face
Skull
40
Areas in the infant's skull where the structures between the skull bones have not yet closed
Fontanelles
41
A group of organs that have a common purpose, such as the skeleton and muscles
Organ System
42
Structures of DNA fibers and protein contained within the cell's nucleus carrying genetic information; human cells contain 23 pairs
Chromosomes
43
The internal structures within the cell that carry out specific functions for the cell
Organelles
44
A low concentration of potassium in the blood
Hypokalemia
45
Shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves the cell through osmosis
Crenation
46
Organelles that contain RNA and protein
Ribosomes
47
A mechanism that uses active transport to move sodium out of the cells and potassium into the cells
Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump
48
Nonstriated muscle that carries out much of the automatic work of the body, such as moving food through the digestive tract and dilating and constricting the pupils of the eye; also called involuntary muscle
Smooth Muscle
49
A serum sodium level of greater than 145 mEq/L
Hypernatremia
50
A set of membranes in the protoplasm involved in the formation of sugars and complex proteins
Golgi Apparatus
51
Dissolved particles, such as salts, contained in a solvent
Solutes
52
An abnormal accumulation of bloody fluid within the pleural space following trauma
Hemothorax
53
Microtubules radiating from he centrioles
Spindle Fibers
54
Fluid found outside of the cell membranes in which most of the body's supply of sodium is contained, representing approximately 15% of the total body weight
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
55
The natural tendency for substances to flow from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, within or outside the cell
Concentration Gradient
56
Disturbances in cardiac rythym
Dysrythymias
57
The area of the neck that is bordered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the anterior midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the mandible
Anterior Triangle
58
A rapid pulse rate
Tachycardia
59
A diabetic emergency that occurs from a relative insulin deficiency, resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and an absence of significant ketosis
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma ( HHNC)
60
The genetic material found on the chromosomes in the cell's nucleus
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
61
A single layer of epithelial cells of varying heights, all of which attach to the basement membrane, but all do not reach the free surface
Pseudostratified Epithelium
62
The major source of energy created by cellular respiration for all chemical reactions of the body
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
63
The release of secretions from cells that have been accumulated in vesicles
Exocytosis
64
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
Pleura
65
Hollow filamentous structures that make up various components of the cell
Microtubules
66
The space behind the knee
Popliteal Fossa
67
A type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of fat
Adipose (Fat) Tissue
68
The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane
Osmosis
69
A serum sodium level that is less than 135 mEq/L
Hyponatremia
70
The number of osmotically active particles in serum
Serum Osmolality
71
Groups of similar cells that work together
Tissues
72
The measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane
Osmotic Pressure
73
An excessive amount of potassium in the blood
Hyperkalemia
74
Protein-lined pores or transport channels, specifically sized for each substance, which allow electrolyte movements among the cells
Ion Channels
75
The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels
Mediastinum
76
A single layer of cells, all of which are in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell
Simple Epithelium
77
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the protective membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Peritonitis
78
Small, rod-like organelles that function as the metabolic center of the cell and produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Mitochondria
79
Skin, the covering of the body surface
Integument
80
Any individual living thing; made up of various organ systems
Organism
81
Striated involuntary muscle that has the capacity to generate and conduct electrical impulses
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
82
The region around the heart
Pericardial Cavity
83
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
Nervous Tissues
84
The organs (kidneys, pancreas, and duodenum) and major blood vessels located in the retroperitoneal space
Retroperitoneal Organs
85
More than one layer of cells, only onee o which is in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell
Stratified Epithelium
86
Smooth muscle tissue
Nonstriated
87
The cell wall; a selectively permeable layer of cells that surrounds intracellular contents and controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
Cell Membrane
88
The hollow portion of the skull
Cranial Cavity
89
The membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
Nuclear Envelope
90
A division of the skeletal system that includes the extremities and their attachments to the body
Appendicular Region
91
The anterior surface at the bend of the elbow
Antecubital Fossa
92
The ability of the cell membrane to selectively allow compounds into the cell based on the cell's current needs
Selective Permeability
93
Different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function
Organs
94
The flat sheet of cells that makes up the epidermis
Squamous Epithelium
95
The clear liquid portion of the cytoplasm
Cytosol
96
The hairlike microtubule projections on the surface of a cell that can move materials over the cell surface
Cilia
97
A rapid respiratory rate
Tachypnea
98
The thick, fibrous membrane and serous membranes that surround the heart; also called the pericardial sac
Pericardium
99
Bony structures that attach the limbs to the body (hip and shoulder)
Girdles
100
Abnormally low blood glucose level
Hypoglycemia
101
Membrane-bound vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes functioning as a cell's digestive system
Lysosomes
102
Muscle tissue that has microscopic bands and may be either voluntary, such as leg muscles, or involuntary, such as cardiac muscle
Striated
103
The spine or primary support structure of the body that houses the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves
Vertebral Column
104
The armpit
Axilla
105
Area of the anterior triangle of the neck that contains the carotid artery and internal jugular vein
Carotid Triangle
106
Nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to supply motor function and convey sensory information to various areas of the body
Peripheral Nerves
107
One of two basic types of neural tissue, neuroglia support, protect, defend, and aid in the repair of injury of neural tissue, and regulate composition of nervous system interstitial fluid
Neuroglia
108
A process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and it's contents
Pinocytosis
109
The basic building blocks of life, made up of protoplasm (cytoplasm); specialized for particular functions
Cells
110
A series of membranes in which proteins and fats are manufactured
Endoplasmic Reticulum
111
The uptake of material through the cell membrane by a membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within the cell's protoplasm
Endocytosis
112
Germ (reproductive) cells; in males they are known as sperm and in females they are known as oocytes (eggs)
Sex Cells
113
The navel, which serves as the central reference point in determining the location of organs in the abdominal quadrants
Umbilicus
114
The small amount of lubricating fluid that fills the pleural space
Pleural Fluid
115
Organelles that are essential in cell division
Centrioles
116
The spinal column or vertebral canal, housing the spinal cord
Spinal Cavity
117
Membranes that line body cavities that lack openings to the outside
Serous Membranes
118
Nucleic acid made from DNA in the nucleus of the cell; it moves to the cytoplasm of the cell where it serves as a template for the production of proteins
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
119
Fluid found within individual cells, containing most of the body's supply of potassium and representing approximately 45% of total body weight
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
