A&P Chapter 5 Flashcards by Jessica Rash

A ridgelike projection of tracheal cartilage located where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left mainstem bronchi

Carina

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The volume of air exhaled from the lungs following a forceful exhalation

Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity

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Exhalation

Expiration

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A mixture of lipids and proteins synthesized to reduce the tendency of alveolar collapse and to ease alveolar inflation

Surfactant

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A chronic inflammatory lower airway disease resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production

Asthma

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An increase in the blood pH secondary to excessive exhalation of CO2

Primary Respiratory Alkalosis

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The four capacities created by the combination of two or more of the respiratory volumes

Respiratory Capacities

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Fine subdivisions of the bronchi that give rise to the alveolar ducts; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli

Bronchioles

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Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Inspiratory Capacity

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A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall propel food and liquids to the stomach

Esophagus

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Structures formed by the final branching of the bronchioles

Respiratory Bronchioles

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Three bony ridges contained within the lateral walls of the nasopharynx

Conchae

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A measurement of the percentage of oxygen in the blood

Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PaO2)

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The point of entry for the bronchi, vessels, and nerves into each lung

Hilum

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The cavity lying posterior to the mouth, connecting to the esophagus; the throat

Pharynx

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Four distinct volumes involved in respiration; tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, Expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume

Respiratory Volumes

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Deep, rapid breathing; it lowers blood carbon dioxide levels

Hyperventilation

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The very thin membrane, consisting of only one cell layer, that lines between the alveolus and capillary, through which respiratory exchange between the alveolus and the blood vessels occurs; also known as the pulmonary capillary membrane

Alveolocapillary Membrane

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The passage through which tears drain from the lacrimal sacs into the nasal cavity

Nasolacrimal Ducts

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Supplemental air; additional air that is expelled from the lungs due to forced exhalation

Expiratory Reserve Volume

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A decrease in the blood pH secondary to insufficient exhalation of CO2

Primary Respiratory Acidosis

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The bonding of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin

Carbaminohemoglobin

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The infiltration of any tissue by air or gas; a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by distention of the alveoli and destructive changes in the lung parenchyma

Emphysema

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A measurement of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood

Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (PaCO2)

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Parts of the brain that control inspiration and expiration

Respiratory Areas

The posterior opening from the nasopharynx into the pharynx

Interior Nares

The amount of pressure each gas contributes to diffusion

Partial Pressure

An effect that makes it difficult for the alveoli to inflate; it is caused by attraction of water molecules

Surface Tension

A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the bronchi that is associated with excess mucus production that results from overgrowth of the mucous glands in the airways

Chronic Bronchitis

A disease that limits the ability of the lungs to expand appropriately

Restrictive Lung Disease

A leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure that closes over the trachea during swallowing

Epiglottis

The vocal cords and the opening between them

Glottis

Airway passages in the lungs that are formed from the division of the right and left mainstem bronchi

Secondary Bronchi

A small portion of the left lung that is the equivalent of the middle lobe in the right lung

Lingula

The nasal cavity (the portion of the pharynx that lines above the level of the roof of the mouth); formed by the union of the facial bones

Nasopharynx

Layers of an alveolus that separate air from blood in a capillary; it is where blood and alveolar air exchange gases. Also known as the pulmonary capillary membrane or the alveolar capillary membrane

Respiratory Membrane

The pleural membrane that covers the lungs

Visceral Pleura

Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume

Functional Residual Capacity

A disease of the lung caused by consistent inhalation of coal dust

Black Lung Disease

Medication that is designed to improve lung function by widening the bronchial tubes

Bronchodilator

A measure of the depth of breathing; the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a single respiratory cycle

Tidal Volume

Arteries that branch off of the thoracic aorta and supply the lung tissues with blood

Bronchial Arteries

The superior portion of the vocal cords; also called the false vocal cords

Vestibular Folds

One cycle of inspiration followed by expiration

Respiratory Cycle

A tubular structure that forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, extending vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

Oropharynx

The inferior portion of the vocal cords that vibrate to produce sound

True Vocal Cords

A complete structure formed by the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage; the voice box

Larynx

The process of exchanging air between the lungs and the environment; includes inhalation and exhalation

Ventilation

A set of bony convolutions formed by the conchae in the nasopharynx that help to maintain smooth airflow

Turbinates

The volume of air that leaves during a normal, resting expiration (about 500 mL)

Resting Tidal Volume

Severe constriction of the bronchial tree

Bronchospasm

Ions related to carbonic acid; they are formed from carbon dioxide transport mechanisms

Bicarbonate Ions

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with maximum inspiration and exhalation

Vital Capacity

Airway passages in the lungs that are formed from branching of the secondary bronchi

Tertiary Bronchi

Vital capacity plus residual volume

Tidal Lung Capacity

A disease of the lungs caused by inhalation of asbestos particles

Asbestosis

Ducts formed from division of the respiratory bronchioles in the lower airway; each duct ends in clusters known as alveoli

Alveolar Ducts

The part of the lower airway below the larynx through which air enters the lungs

Mainstem Bronchi

Veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs

Bronchial Veins

The external openings to the nasal cavity; also called the nostrils

External Nares

The combination of oxygen that diffuses into the blood and the hemoglobin molecule

Oxyhemoglobin

The membrane that lines the walls of the pleural cavity

Parietal Pleura

Additional air that enters the lungs due to forced inspiration

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A soft-tissue structure that resembles a punching bag; located in the posterior aspect of the oral cavity, at the base of the tongue

Uvula

The floor of the nasal cavity

Hard Palate

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, including the upper and lower airways and their component parts

Respiratory System

The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups in the medulla oblongata as well as the respiratory group of the pons

Medullary Respiratory Center

A progressive and irreversible disease of the airway marked by decreased inspiratory and expiratory capacity of the lungs

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

The conduit for all entry into the lungs; a tubular structure that is approximately 10 to 12cm long and composed of a series of C-shaped cartilaginous rings; also called the windpipe

Trachea

A passage located below each turbinate

Meatus

The cavity formed by the inner borders of the rib cage and the diaphragm

Pleural Cavity

The two primary organs of breathing

Lungs

An enzyme in red blood cells that speeds reaction of carbon dioxide and water, resulting in carbonic acid

Carbonic Anhydrase

Inhalation

Inspiration

Tiny sacs of lung tissue in which gas exchange takes place

Alveoli

The volume of air remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after maximal expiration

Residual Volume

A device used in pulmonary function testing that measures air entering and leaving the lungs over a specific period of time

Spirometer