A&P Chapter 4 Flashcards by Jessica Rash

Thread-like structures that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other

Myofibrils

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The process by which ions are moved across the cell wall to return to a polarized state

Repolarization

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The muscle in a group of muscles that has the major role in movement

Prime Mover

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The longest muscle in the human body, it is located in the anterior compartment of the thigh and flexes both the hip and knee when it contracts

Sartorius Muscle

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The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers

Perimysium

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A bundle of skeletal muscle cells bound together by connective tissue and forming one of the constituent elements of a muscle

Muscle Fasciculus

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A condition caused by damage, either through trauma or infection, to the facial nerve, resulting in an inability to move the facial muscles on the affected side

Bell Palsy

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A prime mover; a muscle that contracts to provide most of a desired movement

Agonist

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An organic compound in muscle tissue that can store and provide energy for muscle contraction

Creatine Phosphate

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An iron-containing red pigment, similar to hemoglobin, that is found in muscle fibers

Myoglobin

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The repeating patterns of striation units that appear a long each skeletal muscle fiber

Sarcomeres

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The bones and voluntary muscles of the body

Musculoskeletal System

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Deep muscles of the medial compartment that adduct, flex, and internally rotate the thigh

Pectineus Muscles

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A chemical neurotransmitter that serves as a mediator in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Acetylcholine

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The thin transparent sheath surrounding a striated muscle fiber

Sarcolemma

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An electrochemical event associated with cell membrane depolarization that occurs when a cell or tissue has been activated by a stimulus

Action Potentials

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A method of action of muscle contraction involving how sarcomeres shorten, with thick and thin filaments sliding past each other toward the center of the sarcomere from both ends

Sliding Filament Model

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The linear muscle of the midline of the abdomen

Rectus Abdominis

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An enzyme that causes muscle relaxation by helping to break down acetylcholine

Acetylcholinesterase

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Movement of the eyes in various directions

Extraocular Movements

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Areas of alternating, colored bands of skeletal muscle fiber

Striations

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Muscles of respiration that elevate the first two ribs during inspiration

Scalene Muscles

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The component that makes up most of the thick protein filaments of the myofibrils

Myosin

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A moveable part of the body to which a skeletal muscle is fastened at a moveable joint

Insertion

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One of the two types of smooth muscle, it is formed into sheets of muscle (as in the walls of blood vessels), small bundles of muscles (as in the iris of the eye), or single cells (as in the capsule of the spleen)

Multiunit Smooth Muscle

The short muscle that adducts the thigh

Adductor Brevis

Sheets of muscle found in the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts

Visceral Smooth Muscle

A test used to evaluate the integrity of the Achilles tendon for possible rupture

Thompson Test

The junction between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber; one type of a synapse

Neuromuscular Junction

The strong tendon that joins the muscles in the posterior leg to the calcaneus

Achilles Tendon

An actin-binding protein that regulates muscle contraction and other actin-related mechanical function of the body

Tropomyosin

An intracellular protein to which calcium binds, resulting in muscle contraction

Calmodulin

The largest muscle of the chest wall; it adducts and internally rotates the shoulder

Pectoralis Major

Chemicals produced by neurons that stimulate electrical reactions in adjacent cells

Neurotransmitters

A special group of four muscles that forms a cap over the proximal humerus and ties the humerus to the scapula; it controls rotation at the shoulder joint

Rotator Cuff

Conduction areas between cells (eg, in visceral smooth muscle) that interconnect individual muscle cells

Gap Junctions

Located in the posterior compartment of the leg; flexes and laterally rotates the knee and extends the hip

Biceps Femoris

The ability of a muscle to generate its own electrical activity

Intrinsic Automaticity

The delicate connective tissue surrounding individual muscular fibers

Endomysium

Muscle contained in the anterior compartment of the thigh that extends the knee when contracted

Quadriceps Femoris

The region within the pelvis that contains the structures of the urogenital system

Urogenital Triangle

T-tubules; membranous channels extending inward and passing through muscle fibers

Transverse Tubules

A layer of fibrous connective tissue outside the epimysium that separates individual muscles and individual muscle groups

Fascia

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls

Motor Unit

A layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds skeletal muscles

Epimysium

A regulatory protein in the actin filaments of skeletal and cardiac muscle that attaches to tropomyosin

Troponin

A metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen

Lactic Acid

Electrochemical changes transmitted by neurons to other neurons and to cells outside the nervous system

Nerve Impulse

The area within the pelvis that contains the anus

Anal Triangle

Branching fibers in cardiac muscle that allow action potentials to pass from cell to cell

Intercalated Disks

Specialized nerve cells that deliver an impulse to muscle cells, causing them to contract

Motor Neurons

An iron-containing protein within red blood cells that has the ability to bind to oxygen

Hemoglobin

Muscles working in opposition to each other

Antagonists

When a cell is at rest, ions are actively transported into and out of the cell to create an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane

Polarized

The junction between nerve cells across which nervous stimuli are transmitted. Includes the synaptic cleft, presynaptic cell membrane with synaptic vesicles and axon terminal and postsynaptic cell membrane

Synapse

The space between neurons where electrical impulses trigger the release of neurotransmitters, which in turn stimulate an electrical reaction in adjacent neurons

Synaptic Cleft

A system of membranes that transport materials in muscle cells

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Fibers that contract causing movement; three types are present in the body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Muscle

A relatively immovable part of the body where a skeletal muscle is fastened at a moveable joint

Origin

The amount of oxygen that liver cells need to convert lactic acid into glucose, as well as the amount needed by muscle cells to restore adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate levels

Oxygen Debt

One that passes in many directions over a muscle fiber membrane after stimulation by acetylcholine

Muscle Impulse

Striated muscles that are under direct volitional control of the brain; also called voluntary muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle that is found only in the heart, providing the contractions needed to propel the blood through the circulatory system

Cardiac Muscle

The area below the coccygeus and levator ani muscles, which forms the floor of the pelvis

Perineum

Broad sheets of fibers that may attach to bones or to the coverings of other muscles

Aponeuroses

The rapid movement of electrolytes across a cell membrane that changes the cell's overall charge. This rapid shifting of electrolytes and cellular charges is the main catalyst for muscle contractions and neural transmissions

Depolarization

Supination of the forearm against resistance to evaluate whether a patient has bicipital tendonitis

Yergason Test

A large dome-shaped muscle that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this and the chest wall muscles brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs

Diaphragm

A layman's term for traumatic soft-tissue injury to the structures of the neck, associated with sudden flexion or extension

Whiplash

The flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle

Motor End Plate

Groups of muscles that cause extension

Extensor Muscles

Groups of muscles that cause flexion when contracted

Flexor Muscles

Muscles that work together to accomplish a particular movement

Synergists

The component that makes up most of the thin protein filaments of the myofibrils

Actin

Anatomic spaces within the body that are enclosed by fascia

Compartments

Accumulation of blood or fluid in a fascial compartment, typically following trauma, resulting in compression of blood vessels and tissue damage secondary to ischemia and, if not recognized and promptly treated, death of muscle and loss of the limb

Compartment Syndrome

The long muscle that adducts the hip

Adductor Longus