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Ellis County Paramedic Students > A&P Chapter 8 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The cranial nerve (XI) that provides motor innervation to the muscles of the soft palate and the pharynx and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles; also referred to as the spinal accessory nerve

A

Accessory Nerve

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2
Q

One of two adrenergic receptors classified into two structural and functional categories; they are further subdivided into beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 receptors

A

Beta Receptors

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3
Q

A term used to describe the fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system that release a chemical called acetylcholine

A

Cholinergic

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4
Q

The part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the body’s response to shock and stress

A

Sympathetic Pathway

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5
Q

Neurons with no myelin sheath or white matter

A

Unmyelinated Axons

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6
Q

A needle insertion through the vertebral canal into the subarachnoid space to obtain a specimen of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Lumbar Puncture

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7
Q

One of the major nerves in the upper extremity, it supplies muscles that extend the elbow, supinate the forearm, and extend the wrist, fingers, and thumb

A

Radial Nerve

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8
Q

A withdrawal reflex in the flexor muscles of the limbs that contracts in response to an unpleasant stimulation

A

Flexor Reflex

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9
Q

An area of skin that corresponds to the sensory distribution of a specific cranial or spinal nerve

A

Dermatome

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10
Q

Brain damage typically resulting from a disruption of the circulation to the brain, causing abnormal neurologic findings

A

Stroke

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11
Q

The first of two nerves, separated by a ganglionic synapse, in a series between the central nervous system and the organs that are innervated

A

Preganglionic Neuron

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12
Q

The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement

A

Brain

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13
Q

Ascending fiber tracts that carry information to the brain about light touch, pressure, and tickling and itching sensations

A

Anterior Spinothalamic Tracts

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14
Q

Nervous tissue that connects the nervous system with body parts or organs

A

Nerve

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15
Q

The 31 pairs of nerves responsible for sending and receiving sensory and motor messages to and from the central nervous system from a portion of the body

A

Spinal Nerves

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16
Q

The portion of the brain that is responsible for the processing of visual information

A

Occipital Lobe

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17
Q

A needle insertion through the vertebral canal to the subarachnoid space to obtain a specimen of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Spinal Tap

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18
Q

Fibers that carry sensory information from the periphery to the brain; also called afferent tracts

A

Ascending Tracts

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19
Q

Grooves located between the gyri in the cerebrum

A

Sulci

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20
Q

The middle membrane of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord

A

Arachnoid

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21
Q

Nerves that send information to the brain; also called sensory nerves

A

Afferent Nerves

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22
Q

Pathways within the spinal cord that contain nerves

A

Tracts

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23
Q

The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

A

Somatic Nervous System

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24
Q

A hemorrhage into the brain tissue beneath the arachnoid membrane

A

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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25
Q

Vesicles that contain neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic Vesicles

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26
Q

The end of a nerve where electrical impulses are received from the synaptic cleft

A

Postsynaptic Terminal

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27
Q

The part of the diencephalon that processes most sensory input and influences mood and general body movements, especially those associated with fear or rage

A

Thalamus

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28
Q

Ascending tracts that carry information to the brain about pain and temperature

A

Lateral Spinothalamic Tracts

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29
Q

The outermost of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord; it is the toughest membrane

A

Dura Mater

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30
Q

The target tissues of the autonomic nervous system

A

Neuroeffector Cells

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31
Q

An axon surrounded by a membrane sheath produced by Schwann cells

A

Myelinated Nerves

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32
Q

An agent that blocks transmission of neural impulses at the neuromuscular junction

A

Curare

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33
Q

The nerve in the arms that innervates muscles that flex the wrist and fingers and abduct and adduct the fingers and thumb

A

Ulnar Nerve

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34
Q

Nerves that carry sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain, and other modalities from the body to the central nervous system

A

Sensory Nerves

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35
Q

Openings between successive vertebrae through which nerves exit the vertebral column

A

Intervertebral Foramen

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36
Q

The cranial nerve (II) that transmits visual information to the brain. This is the only one of the cranial nerves considered to be part of the central nervous system

A

Optic Nerve

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37
Q

The inferior portion of the diencephalon of the brain that is the primary link between the endocrine and nervous systems; it controls many body functions, including emotional activity, pulse rate, digestion, sexual development, body temperature, hunger, thirst, and the regulation of the sleep cycle

A

Hypothalamus

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38
Q

Numerous individual nerve roots that extend from the spinal cord at the level of the second lumbar vertebrae

A

Cauda Equina

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39
Q

A membrane formed by Schwann cells, which cover the axons of certain neurons

A

Myelin Sheath

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40
Q

The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary

A

Nervous System

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41
Q

A nerve emanating from the lumbosacral plexus that innervates muscles that adduct the thigh and rotate it medially

A

Obturator Nerve

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42
Q

The cranial nerve (IX) that supplies motor fibers to the pharyngeal muscle, provides taste sensation to the posterior portion of the tongue, and carries parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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43
Q

The largest portion of the brain, it controls the higher thought processes; also called the cerebrum

A

Cerebral Cortex

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44
Q

The cranial nerve (VIII) that passes through the internal auditory meatus and transmits information important to the senses of hearing and balance

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

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45
Q

The cranial nerve (VI) that supplies the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball (lateral movement)

A

Abducens Nerve

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46
Q

The portion of the olfactory nerve formed by the olfactory tract that lines on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and is penetrated by nerve fibers that provide information about smell from the nose

A

Olfactory Bulb

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47
Q

An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body; it lies inside of and is protected by the spinal cord

A

Spinal Cord

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48
Q

A short canal through which auditory and facial nerves pass

A

Internal Auditory Meatus

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49
Q

Nerves that carry commands from the brain to the muscle; also called efferent nerves

A

Motor Nerves

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50
Q

Structures within the cerebrum and diencephalon that influence emotions, motivation, mood, and sensations of pain and pleasure

A

Limbic System

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51
Q

Several structures located throughout the brain stem that are responsible for maintenance of consciousness

A

Ascending Reticular Activating System

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52
Q

A ganglion on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve

A

Dorsal Root Ganglion

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53
Q

One of two roots of a spinal nerve that is formed from six to eight rootlets

A

Ventral Root

54
Q

The portion of the brain that plays an important role in hearing and memory

A

Temporal Lobe

55
Q

A major nerve of the leg, providing sensation to the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot and motor activity to hip extensors, knee flexors, ankle dorsiflexors, and toe extensors

A

Common Peroneal Nerve

56
Q

A combination of the lumbar plexus, the sacral plexus, and the coccygeal root

A

Lumbosacral Plexus

57
Q

Subdivisions within each hemisphere of the cerebrum; each shares the name of the bone of the skull that overlies it

A

Lobes

58
Q

The end of a nerve where neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

A

Presynaptic Terminal

59
Q

Location where approximately half of the nerve fibers from each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain

A

Optic Chiasm

60
Q

The portion of the brain that is important in voluntary motor actions and personality traits

A

Frontal Lobe

61
Q

A component and branch of the common peroneal nerve that innervates the muscles that dorsiflex the ankle and extend the toes

A

Deep Peroneal Nerve

62
Q

Complex networks made up by the combination of the main portions of the spinal nerves

A

Plexuses

63
Q

One of three bands of nerve fibers through which the cerebellum communicates with other regions of the central nervous system

A

Cerebellar Peduncles

64
Q

Descending tracts that are involved in involuntary body movements

A

Reticulospinal Tracts

65
Q

The part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum that includes the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

66
Q

A common class of cardiac drugs that blocks beta effects, causing a decrease in the workload of the heart by reducing the speed of contraction, as well as reducing blood pressure

A

Beta-Blockers

67
Q

One of two roots of a spinal nerve that passes posteriorly into the spinal cord and contains the dorsal root ganglion

A

Dorsal Root

68
Q

The parts of the optic nerve that arise at the base of the brain, forming the optic chiasm

A

Optic Tracts

69
Q

A type of receptor that is associated with the sympathetic nerves and is stimulated by epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenergic Receptors

70
Q

The brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

71
Q

The cranial nerve (III) that innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs and upper lid

A

Oculomotor Nerve

72
Q

Fibers that carry motor impulses from the brain to the fibers of the peripheral nervous system; also called efferent tracts

A

Descending Tracts

73
Q

Collections of nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system

A

Ganglia

74
Q

The cranial nerve (XII) that provides motor function to the muscles of the tongue and throat

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

75
Q

Receptors at the target tissue that are stimulated by acetylcholine and can also be stimulated in the laboratory by the compound extracted from muscarine mushrooms

A

Muscarinic Receptors

76
Q

The nerve in the leg that innervates the muscles of foot eversion

A

Superficial Peroneal Nerve

77
Q

The plexus of spinal nerves that consists of nerves C5 to T1 and innervates the shoulder and upper extremity

A

Brachial Plexus

78
Q

The cranial nerve (X) that provides motor functions to the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx and carries taste bud fibers from the posterior tongue, sensory fibers from the inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs, and parasympathetic fibers to thoracic and abdominal organs

A

Vagus Nerve

79
Q

The openings through which the optic nerves pass to reach each eyeball

A

Optic Foramina

80
Q

A subdivision of the nervous system that operates without conscious control and regulates the function of the internal organs, glands, and smooth muscle; comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

Autonomic Nervous System

81
Q

Small nerves

A

Rootlets

82
Q

Bundles of myelinated nerves

A

White Matter

83
Q

The numerous folds in the cerebrum, which greatly increase the surface area of the cortex

A

Gyri

84
Q

Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release epinephrine and norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

A

Adrenal Glands

85
Q

The crevasse that separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

Longitudinal Fissure

86
Q

The nerve in the brachial plexus that innervates the pronator muscles of the forearm, as well as those that flex the wrist, fingers, and thumb

A

Median Nerve

87
Q

The second of two nerves, separated by a ganglionic synapse, in a series between the central nervous system and the organs that are innervated

A

Postganglionic Neuron

88
Q

A drug that blocks acetylcholine at the neuroeffector synapse

A

Parasympathetic-Blocking Drug

89
Q

The nerve in the leg that innervates the muscles that extend the hip, flex the knee, plantar flex the ankle, and flex the toes

A

Tibial Nerve

90
Q

The portion of the brain that is the site for reception and evaluation of most sensory information, except smell, hearing, and vision

A

Parietal Lobe

91
Q

Part of the epithalamus in the diencephalon

A

Pineal Body

92
Q

Descending tracts that are involved in involuntary body movements

A

Vestibulospinal Tracts

93
Q

Automatic reactions to stimuli mediated by neuronal pathways within the spinal cord that occur without conscious thought

A

Spinal Reflex Arcs

94
Q

The space located between the pia mater and the arachnoid in which the cerebrospinal fluid is contained

A

Subarachnoid Space

95
Q

The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration

A

Brainstem

96
Q

The innermost of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord; it rests directly on the brain and spinal cord

A

Pia Mater

97
Q

The cranial nerve (IV) that innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball, which controls a downward gaze

A

Trochlear Nerve

98
Q

The muscle that controls the downward gaze of the eyeball

A

Superior Oblique Muscle

99
Q

Structures located deep within the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain that play an important role in coordination of motor movements and posture

A

Basal Ganglia

100
Q

Pain and muscle weakness that travels from the back, into the buttocks, and along the leg into the foot as a result of irritation of the sciatic nerve or a lumbar spinal nerve root

A

Sciatica

101
Q

Part of the diencephalon with functions related to emotions, circadian rhythms, and connecting the limbic system with other parts of the brain

A

Epithalamus

102
Q

Receptors in the postganglionic neuron that can be stimulated in the laboratory by the alkaloid nicotine

A

Nicotinic Receptors

103
Q

The inferior portion of the midbrain, which serves as a conduction pathway for both ascending and descending nerve tracts

A

Medulla

104
Q

The largest portion of the brain that controls the higher thought processes, including control of movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality; also called the cerebral cortex

A

Cerebrum

105
Q

Nervous tissue that helps form the myelin sheath around certain neurons

A

Schwann Cells

106
Q

Information about the body’s position and of its parts in relation to itself, to one another, and to the pull of gravity

A

Proprioception

107
Q

The portion of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 11 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these nerves may be sensory, motor, or connecting nerves

A

Peripheral Nervous System

108
Q

The bony canal formed by vertebrae that houses and protects the spinal cord

A

Vertebral Canal

109
Q

An episode of neurologic impairment that lasts less than 24 hours and represents a warning sign of an impending stroke

A

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

110
Q

The cranial nerve (VII) that supplies motor activity to all muscles of facial expression, the sense of taste to the anterior two thirds of the tongue, and cutaneous sensation to the external ear, tongue, and palate

A

Facial Nerve

111
Q

The cranial nerve (V) that supplies sensation to the scalp, forehead, face, and lower jaw and innervates the muscles of mastication, the throat, and the inner ear

A

Trigeminal Nerve

112
Q

The 12 pairs of nerves that arise from the base of the brain

A

Cranial Nerves

113
Q

Nerves that carry commands from the brain to peripheral muscles; also called motor nerves

A

Efferent Nerves

114
Q

The longest peripheral nerve in the body, formed by the combination of the common peroneal nerve and the tibial nerve

A

Sciatic Nerve

115
Q

The cranial nerve (I) that transmits information about the sense of smell

A

Olfactory Nerve

116
Q

Specialized cells within hollow areas in the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

Choroid Plexus

117
Q

The part of the autonomic nervous system that relaxes the body

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

118
Q

The part of the diencephalon that is involved in controlling motor functions

A

Subthalamus

119
Q

Description of a neuron that secretes the neurotransmitter norepinephrine

A

Adrenergic

120
Q

Regions between individual Schwann cells in myelinated neurons, between which action potentials jump

A

Nodes of Ranvier

121
Q

A layer of grey matter located in the midbrain

A

Substantia Nigra

122
Q

Groups of nerve cells that are bundled together

A

Nerve Fibers

123
Q

The branch of the lumbosacral plexus that innervates the muscles that flex the hip and extend the knee

A

Femoral Nerve

124
Q

Descending tracts that coordinate movements, especially of the hands

A

Corticospinal Tracts

125
Q

A group of drugs derived from curare that are used in anesthesia to induce muscle relaxation

A

Neuromuscular Blockers

126
Q

An inflammation of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, usually caused by infection

A

Meningitis

127
Q

The part of the olfactory nerve that arises at the base of the brain

A

Olfactory Tract

128
Q

One of the major nerves emanating from the brachial plexus; it supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles, enabling arm abduction and lateral rotation

A

Axillary Nerve

129
Q

The separation between two nerves (preganglionic and postganglionic neurons), that serves to connect the central nervous system and the organs innervated

A

Ganglionic Synapse

130
Q

A nerve in the upper extremity that innervates muscles that flex the shoulder and elbow

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve

131
Q

Ascending tracts that carry information regarding body position (proprioception) to the cerebellum

A

Spinocerebellar Tracts

132
Q

One of two adrenergic receptors classified into two structural and functional categories; they are further subdivided into alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors

A

Alpha Receptors

Ellis County Paramedic Students (12 decks)

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