A&P Chapter 11 Flashcards by Jessica Rash

A hormone that controls the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland; also called thyroid-stimulating hormone

Thyrotropin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A hormone released from the hypothalamus that influences the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone; stimulates the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Male sex hormones

Androgens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A cell, group of cells, or an organ that selectively removes concentrates, or alters materials in the blood and secretes them back into the body

Glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

One of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland; it is essential for normal growth and development in children as well as regulation of body metabolism

Triiodothyronine (T3)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that functions as a biological clock, helping to regulate the circadian rhythms

Melatonin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A hormone that controls the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland; also called thyrotropin

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Specialized neurons in the brain that regulate the secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Osmoreceptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A hormone released by the ovaries that stimulates the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle; it is one of three major female hormones

Progesterone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones

Endocrine System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Endocrine Glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Synthetic androgens used to increase muscle mass

Anabolic Steroids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary

Neurohormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

One of three divisions of the adrenal cortex; it produces mineralocorticoids

Zona Glomerulosa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The most important corticosteroid secreted by the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex, it has many effects on the body

Cortisol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An enzyme that is activated by glucagon; it breaks triglycerides down into free fatty acids and glycerol

Hormone-Sensitive Lipase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Negative feedback resulting in the decrease of an action in the body

Feedback Inhibition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hormones released by the hypothalamus that influence the Inhibition of prolactin

Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

One of three divisions of the adrenal cortex; it secretes a few relatively weak male sex hormones, or androgens

Zona Reticularis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A condition often caused by pituitary dysfunction that is associated with production of large volumes of dilute urine and in which patients experience intense thirst

Diabetes Insipidus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Infundibulum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that constricts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure; also called antidiuretic hormone

Vasopressin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hormones that affect early production and differentiation of lymphocytes

Thymosins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The male reproductive organs that produce sperm and secrete male hormones; also called testicles

Testes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Compounds that travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in a specialized set of blood vessels; also called releasing factors

Inhibiting Factors

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary lobe of the pituitary gland; constricts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure, and also is responsible for adjustments to the final composition of urine by causing ducts in the kidney to become more permeable to water; also called vasopressin

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Enlarged visible mass in the anterior part of the neck caused by enlargement of the thyroid gland

Goiter

A major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress; regulates the secretion of corticosteroids

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

The space behind the peritoneum

Retroperitoneum

Any of several steroids secreted by the adrenal gland

Corticosteroids

Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature

Hormones

Denoting self-stimulation through cellular production of a factor and a specific receptor for it

Autocrine

Small cavity glands within the thyroid gland that contain thyroglobulin

Follicles

A band of tissue that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland

Isthmus

Hormone produced by the pancreas that is vital in the control of the body's metabolism and blood glucose level

Insulin

One of the two portions of the pituitary gland; it is an extension of the central nervous system and secretes hormones called neurohormones; also called the posterior pituitary

Neurohypophysis

A protein to which thyroid hormones are bound

Thyroglobulin

Proteins produced in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary that have the same effects as opiate drugs, such as morphine, but are 80 times more potent

Beta-Endorphins

A protein synthesized in the liver that binds to hormones T3 and T4

Thyroxine-Binding Globulin

One of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland; it is essential for normal growth and development in children, as well as regulation of body metabolism

Tetraiodothyronine

A group of hormone-like fatty acids that are produced in many body tissues, including the uterus, brain, and kidneys

Prostaglandins

Hormones secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands that play an important role in metabolism and inhibit inflammation

Glucocorticoids

Secretes the hormone melatonin in response to changes in light conditions

Pineal Gland

A condition caused by excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal glands resulting in obesity, abnormal hair growth, hig blood pressure, emotional disturbances, and cushingoid facies or the so-called "moon-face"

Cushing Syndrome

Hormone produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands; it maintains normal levels of calcium in the blood and normal neuromuscular function

Parathyroid Hormone

A hormone that plays an important role in milk production in women

Prolactin

One of the two portions of the pituitary gland; it is an extension of the central nervous system and produces hormones called neurohormones; also called the neurohypophysis

Posterior Pituitary (Lobe)

Potentially life-threatening low blood calcium levels resulting from loss of parathyroid function

Hypocalcemia

Hormones released by the hypothalamus that influence the release of prolactin

Prolactin-Releasing Hormones

Hormone that stimulates growth in many tissues, especially of long bones in the extremities; also called growth hormone

Somatotropin

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the secretion of growth hormone

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

Overactivity of the thyroid gland, which results in increased metabolic rates, with loss, rapid pulse rate, elevated blood pressure, diarrhea, and at times, abnormal protrusion of the eyes

Hyperthyroidism

Four glands that are embedded in the posterior portion of the thyroid, they produce and secrete parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid Glands

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone; also called somatostatin

Growth Hormone Release-Inhibiting Hormone

The major androgen produced by the testes

Testosterone

Associated with environmental day and night cycles; these rhythms help the body to distinguish day from night

Circadian Rhythms

A long polymer from which glucose is converted in the liver; also called animal starch

Glycogen

A condition that results in a loss of calcium from the bones, as well as increases in serum calcium levels, caused by excess secretion of parathyroid hormones

Hyperparathyroidism

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone; also called growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone

Somatostatin

Cells located between the follicles in the thyroid gland that produce the hormone calcitonin

Parafollicular Cells

A specialized group of cells in the pancreas where insulin and glucagon are produced

Islets of Langerhans

One of the three major female hormones that stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone during the first 8 weeks of gestation

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A disorder caused by chronic overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland that is characterized by a gradual and permanent enlargement of the flat bones (the lower jaw) and of the hands and feet, abdominal organs, nose, lips, and tongue; also called gigantism

Acromegaly

A steroid sex hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries

Androstenedione

A large endocrine gland that is located at the base of the neck and produces and excretes hormones that influence growth, development, and metabolism

Thyroid Gland

The reproductive glands

Gonads

A hormone released from the ovaries that stimulates the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle; it is one of three major female hormones

Estrogen

A hormone released from the pituitary gland at roughly monthly intervals that helps to stimulate one oocyte to undergo meiosis

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

One of two main hormones responsible for adjustments to the final composition of urine; increases the rate of active reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions into the blood and decreases reabsorption of potassium

Aldosterone

Protrusion of the eyes from the normal position within the socket

Exophthalmos

Hormone that targets the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A hormone that causes the smooth muscles of the pregnant uterus to contract and milk to be released from the breasts of lactating women

Oxytocin

The concept that once the desired effect of a hormone has been achieved, further production of the hormone is inhibited until it is needed again; also called feedback inhibition

Negative Feedback

A specialized set of blood vessels that carry releasing factors from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System

One of the two portions of the pituitary gland; it produces hormones that are not neurohormones; also called the adenohypophysis

Anterior Pituitary (Lobe)

A hormone released from the pituitary gland at roughly monthly intervals that helps to stimulate one oocyte to undergo meiosis

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Acute adrenocortical insufficiency

Addisonian Crisis

Relating to a kind of hormone function in which the effects of the hormone are restricted to the local environment

Paracrine

Compounds that travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in a specialized set of blood vessels; also called inhibiting factors

Releasing Factors

One of three divisions of the adrenal cortex; it produces corticosteroids

Zona Fasciculata

Painful muscle spasms that result from several conditions, including a low blood calcium level

Tetany

A process that stimulates both the liver and the kidneys to produce glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules

Gluconeogenesis

Cells located in the islets of Langerhans that secrete insulin

Beta Cells

À hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that is important in the regulation of calcium levels in the body

Calcitonin

A condition that results in excess secretion of aldosterone, most commonly caused by a benign tumor

Conn Syndrome

Cells located in the islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon

Alpha Cells

Hormone produced by the pancreas that is vital to the control of the body's metabolism and blood glucose level; it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glucagon

Glands that secrete chemicals for elimination

Exocrine Glands

A disease that results from impaired production of insulin by the pancreas

Diabetes Mellitus

The gland that secretes hormones that regulate the function of many other glands in the body; also called the pituitary gland

Hypophysis

The concept that once the desired effect of the hormone begins, further production of the hormone is stimulated

Positive Feedback

A hormone that stimulates growth in most tissues, especially of long bones in the extremities; also called somatotropin

Growth Hormone (GH)

One of the two portions of the pituitary gland, it produces hormones that are not neurohormones; also called the anterior pituitary

Adenohypophysis

Hormones produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that are important in the regulation of water and salt balance in the body

Mineralocorticoids

The outer layer of the adrenal gland, it produces hormones that are important in regulating the water and salt balance of the body

Adrenal Cortex

The part of the neuroendocrine system that involves interactions of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The female reproductive organs that produce egg precursors, or oocytes

Ovaries

Proteins produced in the liver, skeletal muscle, and other tissues that are stimulated by growth hormone

Somatomedins