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A&P I Lecture and Lab > A&P I Ch. 6 Integumentary System > Flashcards

A&P I Ch. 6 Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Integumentary system?

A

Cutaneous Membrane that covers the body; consists of skin and accessory tissues such as the nails, hair, sweat glands , and sebaceous glands

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2
Q

What are the layers of the integumentary system?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous (hypodermis)

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3
Q

Which layer is a “pseudo layer” of the integumentary system?

A

Subcutaneous (hypodermis)

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4
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

-Protection
-Sensation
-Immunity
-Vitamin D Production
-Body temperature regulation
-Excretion

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5
Q

What are the functions of Keratinocytes?

A

-Produce keratin intermediate filaments
-waterproofing
-provide structure to skin, hair, and nails

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6
Q

What is the difference between keratinized and non-keratinized tissues?

A

Keratinized Tissue is dry while Non-Keratinized Tissue is wet

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7
Q

Where can non-keratinized tissue be found?

A

inside of the mouth, anus, vagina, and conjunctiva (skin over eyes)

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8
Q

Where are tactile cells found?

A

in the Stratum Basale

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9
Q

What are Merkel Cells?

A

sensory cells that are few in number, when compressed they release chemicals and stimulate nerve endings (type of tactile cells)

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10
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from bottom to top?

A

-stratum basale
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum lucidum
-stratum corneum

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11
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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12
Q

Stratum Basale

A

-a single layer of new cuboidal cells
-contains melanocytes and epidermal ridges

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13
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • 8-10 rows of keratinocytes
  • accumulation of keratohyalin and lamellar bodies (lipids for waterproofing)
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14
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • 3-5 rows of keratinocytes
  • large amounts of keratohyalin are produced
  • stains the darkest
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15
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

-only in thick skin
-a layer of dead keratinocytes
-contains translucent protein eleidin

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16
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • 15-30 layers of dead keratinocytes
  • lipid coating forms a water-resistant layer
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17
Q

What type of tissue is the epidermis?

A

Avascular/ Dense Irregular

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18
Q

thickness, color, and skin markings

A

variations in the epidermis

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19
Q

What layer of the epidermis connects to the dermis?

A

stratum basale

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20
Q

What are the functions of the epidermis for protection?

A
  • dry surface unacceptable for growth of most microorganisms
  • Langerhans cells found in all but the stratum corneum
    – first line of defense against microorganisms
    – antigen-presenting cells (APC)
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21
Q

Which three cell types give skin their color?

A

hemoglobin, melanin, carotene

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22
Q

What is carotene?

A

yellow-orange pigment acquired from some vegetables

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of eumelanin?

A

UV-Vis absorbing and Antioxidant

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of pheomelanin?

A

Pro-oxidant and Phototoxic

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25
Q

What are the factors that affect pigmentation?

A

-type of melanin produced (eu or pho)
-how much the melanosomes are filled with melanin granules prior to transfer
-number and size of melanosomes produced
-how long the melanosomes persist in the keratinocytes
-degree of transfer within the dermis

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26
Q

What are the structures of the epidermis for sensory?

A

tactile discs and free nerve endings

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27
Q

Tactile Discs

A
  • formed from Merkel cells
  • located in stratum basale
  • function as mechanoreceptors
  • associated with fine touch and pressure
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28
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

associated with pain, itching, and tickling

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29
Q

What affect will damage to your free nerve endings have?

A

inability to detect itching and tickling sensations

30
Q

What are the functions of the epidermis Vitamin D Production?

A
  • converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol
  • eventually converted to calcitriol (increases calcium absorption and bone mineralization)
31
Q

What are the common skin markings?

A

Nevus (mole), Freckles, Friction ridges (fingerprints)

32
Q

What structures are present in the dermis?

A

-blood vessels
-sweat glands
-sebaceous glands
-hair follicles
-nail roots
-sensory nerve endings
-arrector pili

33
Q

What is associated with the papillary layer?

A

-main functions: support the epidermis, and regulate body temperature
-loose connective tissue made up of fine collagen and elastic fibers
-associates with epidermis through dermal papillae and epidermal ridges
-contains blood/lymphatic vessels and nerves that supply the epidermis

34
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found?

A

all but the stratum corneum

35
Q

What is associated with the reticular layer?

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue; densely-packed collagen fibers with some elastic fibers interspersed
  • toughest layer of skin
    -thick collagen bundles produce cleavage lines (e.g. palm of hand)
    -contains blood vessels, nerves, and other accessory structures
36
Q

In what skin layer are collagen and elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles at specific locations (lines of cleavage)?

A

Dermis

37
Q

True or false? An incision parallel to cleavage lines is more likely to heal quickly and not gape open?

A

True (an incision perpendicular to cleavage lines may gape and delay healing)

38
Q

What causes stretch marks (striae)?

A

skin is stretched beyond its capabilities and some collagen fibers are torn

39
Q

Which skin layer has the functions of supporting the epidermis, houses senses touch, pressure and vibration, and regulates blood flow to skin?

A

Dermis

40
Q

What are the different types of corpusles?

A
  • Messner’s Corpuscles (light touch, pressure, and vibration)
  • Lamellated Corpuscles (deep pressure and vibration)
  • Ruffini Corpuscles (pressure and skin distortion)
41
Q

What is the deepest part of the integumentary system?

A

hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

Slide 31

42
Q

What are all of the features of the hypodermis?

A

-areolar and adipose CT
-consists of collagen and elastic fibers
-fibroblasts and adipocytes
-connects skin to underlying tissue
-serves as energy reserve (subcutaneous fat)
-contains larger blood vessels and nerves that supply the skin
-common drug injection site

43
Q

Functions of the Hair

A

-protection against entrance of foreign substances into body
-protection against UV radiation
-sensory

44
Q

What are the features of the hair follicle?

A
  • hair grows from cells at the base of the follicle (hair bulb)
  • hair papilla contains connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves
  • hair matrix within papilla is responsible for producing new hair
45
Q

What parts are in the structure of the hair shaft?

A

-Medulla (cells contain soft keratin, formed by cells closest to the hair matrix)
-Cortex (cells contain hard keratin, formed by cells near the edge of the hair matrix)
-Cuticle (cells contain hard keratin, formed by cells at the edge of the hair matrix)

46
Q

How is hair color generated and what does it depend on?

A

-generated by melanocytes residing in hair papilla
-color depends on amount and type of melanin

47
Q

What are the three different types of hair?

A

-vellus hairs (fine hairs located over much of the body surface)
-terminal hairs (coarse hairs; some develop during puberty)
-lanugo (fine, unpigmented, downy hair appears in last trimester leave within baby’s 1st 2 months)

48
Q

What muscular structure causes goosebumps?

A

arrector pili muscle structure

49
Q

What are the major structures of the nail?

A

-nail plate
-free edge
-cuticle
-lanula
-nail bed

50
Q

Name the functions of the sebaceous glands.

A

-secrete oily substance called sebum
-helps protect surface of skin
-lubricant and bactericidal
-prevents water loss and bacteria growth
-play a role in thermoregulation
-classified as holocrine glands

51
Q

Where are the apocrine sweat glands located and what are their functions?

A

location: armpits and pubic regions; secrete product into hair follicles used by bacteria contributing to odor

52
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

modified apocrine sweat glands, located only in external ear canal, and secretions of waterproof earwax (cerumen: traps foreign material, lubricates acoustic meatus and eardrum)

53
Q

Mammary Glands

A

modified apocrine sweat glands of breast, only function in pregnant and lactating females, and produce milk

54
Q

Which type of gland produces sebum?

A

sebaceous glands

55
Q

Albinism

A

-commonly an autosomal recessive genetic disorder
-results in low/no melanin production by melanocytes
-high incidence of eye pathology comorbidity

56
Q

Alopecia Areata

A

autoimmune skin disease, t-lymphocytes attack and kill hair follicle cells, mechanism not fully understood, cannot be cured but can manage symptoms

57
Q

Congenital Terminal Hypertrichosis

A

characterized by overgrowth/overproduction of terminal and vellus hairs on entire body other than palms of hands/soles of feet, varies in severity & risk factors, severe= malignant down grown on face (can be linked with cancer)

58
Q

Burns

A

major cause of accidental death, caused by heat, radiation, chemicals, sunlight, and electric shock, and threat to life from fluid loss, infection, and effects of burned tissue

59
Q

First Degree Burns

A

involve only the epidermis with slight redness and pain

60
Q

Second Degree Burns

A

involve epidermis and part of dermis, skin blistered and painful, and slight scarring

61
Q

Third Degree Burns

A

involve epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer, requires hospitalization, treatment for dehydration and infection, severe scarring, and may need debridement and skin graft

62
Q

Psoriasis

A

chronic autoimmune skin disease, keratinocytes attacked by t-lymphocytes, cause rapid overgrowth of new skin cells, patches of whitish, scaly skin on epidermal surface, symptoms: severe itching, pain, skin cracking

63
Q

Psoriasis Treatments

A

corticosteroids (stop inflammation), UV light therapy, and medications that interfere with skin cell production

64
Q

X-Linked Ichthyosis

A

rare genetic skin disorder, deletion mutation in the X chromosome= region that codes for the enzyme steroid sulfatase (responsible for removing sulfur from cholesterol for proper function of lipid barrier in stratum corneum & health of skin), absent enzyme results in excessive dry skin, polygon shaped scale formation, and almost exclusively impacts males

65
Q

Skin Cancer

A

generalized term for multiple cancer types, characterized by cells that fail to dies on signal, overproliferate, lose cellular function, can metastasize (spread) and destroy tissue via inflammation

66
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

most common and treatable type of skin cancer, cancer of the basal cells in basal layer of epidermis, most often occur on areas of skin that are exposed to UV radiation, encapsulated, mostly grow slowly and are curable, and rarely spread beyond initial tumor site

67
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

AKA epidermoid carcinoma, affects squamous cells- mostly stratified squamous, usually faster growing than BCC

68
Q

Melanoma

A

most serious, 22% chance of survival if metastasized (5 years to live), cancer of the melanocytes, and linked to UV radiation

69
Q

What contributes to skin pigmentation?

A

Melanosomes in Keratinocytes

70
Q

How do melanosomes contribute to skin pigmentation

A

1.) Melanocytes produce melanin from tyrosine in specialized organelles (melanosomes)
2.) Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes upon stimulation
3.) Melanosomes in keratinocytes contribute to skin’s pigmentation

A&P I Lecture and Lab (12 decks)

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