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A&P I Lecture and Lab > A&PI Ch. 13,14,&15 Central and Automatic Nervous Systems > Flashcards

A&PI Ch. 13,14,&15 Central and Automatic Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Main Functions of the CNS

A

-receiving and processing EXTERNAL SENSORY information
-integrating information from a wide range of sources: processing it, acting in it, or storing it in memory
-sending signals that control the main functions of body tissues
-consciousness perception of senses, language, reason, memory, emotion, etc.

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2
Q

What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and Glial Cells

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3
Q

What is a nerve?

A

-a bundle of axons outside the brain and spinal cord
- two kinds (cranial and spinal nerves)

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4
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

originate from the brain; 12 pairs

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5
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

originate from the spinal cord; 31 pairs

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6
Q

Ganglion

A

collection of neuron cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Plexus

A

extensive network of axons, and sometimes neuron cell bodies, located outside CNS

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8
Q

Glial Cells

A

supportive cells with many functions

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9
Q

5 Important Facts about the CNS

A

1) The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord
2) Only 10% of CNS cells are neurons; the rest are neuroglia
3) The CNS is supported by the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
4) THE CNS is protected by meninges, CSF, and the BBB
5) White matter is inside the brain, outside the spinal cord

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10
Q

What is the brain protected by?

A
  • Bones of the skull
  • Meninges
  • (CSF) Cerebral Spinal Fluid (liquid cushion)
  • Blood-brain Barrier (controls what passes from the blood to the brain)
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11
Q

Meninges Dura Mater

A
  • superior layer of meninges (under bone layer)
  • thick, strong connective tissue layer
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12
Q

Meninges Arachnoid Mater

A
  • 2nd layer of meninges
  • thin, transparent fibrous membrane
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13
Q

Meninges Pita Mater

A
  • 3rd layer of meninges
  • delicate connective tissue layer
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14
Q

Functions of CSF

A

-homeostatic regulation of ions and nutrients in extra cellular environment
-support and cushioning of the brain and spinal cord with buoyant forces
-chemical and immunological buffering of the fluid surrounding neurons and glia

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15
Q

CSF Moves through the brain through __________.

A

Ventricles

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16
Q

Ventricles

A

-store CSF and provide a continuous flow of CSF between brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

CSF is produced by specialized tissue (_______ _______) and _________ ______ within ventricles.

A

choroid plexus; ependymal cells

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18
Q

Functions of BBB

A

-regulates which substances enter the brain’s interstitial fluid
-helps prevent neuron exposure to harmful substances via tight junctions of endothelial cells
-some molecules can pass (alcohol, cocaine, and small bacteria)
-The BBB is reduced in certain regions of the CNS for functional regions- areas of high hormones secretion like hypothalamus

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19
Q

Which arteries are in the Circle of Willis?

A

Internal Carotid Artery and Vertebral Artery

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20
Q

Internal Carotid Artery

A
  • Portion of the Circle of Willis
  • Anterior portion of the brain
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21
Q

Vertebral Artery

A
  • Portion of the Circle of Willis
  • Posterior portion of the brain
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22
Q

True or False? There is only one pathway of blood flow in the brain.

A

FALSE There are multiple paths of blood flow (in case one gets blocked)

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23
Q

True or False? The Circle of Willis allows blood supplying anterior and posterior portions of the brain to overlap

A

True because there are multiple paths of blood flow, the Circle of Willis allows an overlap to pick up the slack of the other side possibly (safeguards the CNS to maintain blood flow)

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24
Q

Anterior Communicating Artery

A
  • connects both anterior cerebral arteries
  • safeguard the CNS to maintain blood flow
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25
Q

Function of the Formation of the Basilar Artery from the two vertebral arteries and spinal arteries

A

safeguard the CNS to maintain blood flow

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26
Q

What is a stroke?

A
  • Interrupted blood flow to the brain has caused neuronal death (Circle of Willis gets interrupted)
  • there are two types (Ischemic and Hemorrhagic)
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27
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

-reduced blood flow (blood clot or embolism)

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28
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A
  • bleeding (bleeding out, aneurism)
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29
Q

Risk Factor of a Stroke

A

Hypertension (elevated blood pressure), smoking, obesity, elevated blood cholesterol, diabetes, or heart problems

30
Q

What are the 3 Types of Neurons?

A
  • Sensory/ Afferent
  • Motor/ Efferent
  • Interneurons/ Association Neurons
31
Q

Sensory/ Afferent Neurons

A

action potential travels toward the CNS

32
Q

Motor/ Efferent Neurons

A

action potential travels away from the CNS (E= exit)

33
Q

Interneurons/ Association Neurons

A

within CNS from one neuron to another (relay)

34
Q

What are the 4 different structural classifications of Neurons?

A
  • Multipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Pseudo- unipolar
  • Anaxonic
35
Q

Multipolar

A

-most neurons in CNS; motor neurons
-has many dendrites and an axon

36
Q

Bipolar

A

-sensory in the retina of the eye and nose
-has a dendrite and an axon

37
Q

Pseudo- Unipolar

A

-SINGLE process that divides into two branches. Part that extends to the periphery has dendrite-like sensory receptors
-appears to have an axon and no dendrites

38
Q

Anaxonic

A

-no axons, only dendrites; found in the brain and retina where they only communicate using graded potentials
-has multiple branches but no axons

39
Q

______ makes up 90% of the cells of the CNS

A

Neuroglia Cells

40
Q

Types of Neuroglia Cells/ Glial Cells of the CNS

A

-Oligodendrocytes
-Astrocytes
-Ependymal Cells
-Microglia (resident macrophages)

41
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

-type of neuroglia cell/ glial cell of the CNS
-creates myelin sheath surrounding neurons (schwann cells in lab)
-touches multiple neurons

42
Q

Astrocytes

A

-type of neuroglia cell/ glial cell of the CNS
-multiple functions including neurotransmitter secretion/ absorption
-3D structure of the brain
-glycogenesis
-fluid regulation
-release of ATP
-repair

43
Q

Ependymal Cell

A

-type of neuroglia cell/ glial cell of the CNS
-secretes CSF

44
Q

CSF

A

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

45
Q

Microglia

A

-type of neuroglia cell/ glial cell of the CNS
-resident macrophages
-removes damaged neurons
-recognizes infectious agents
-prevents inflammation
-can cause tuberculosis to enter the BBB

46
Q

What are the functions of Astrocytes in the CNS?

A

-Processes that form feet that cover the surfaces of neurons and blood vessels and the pia matter.
-Regulate what substances reach the CNS from the blood (BBB) lots of microfilaments for support.
-Produce chemicals that promote tight junctions to form the BBB.
-Regulate extracellular brain fluid composition.

47
Q

What are the functions of Ependymal Cells in the CNS?

A

-Line the brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal. Specialized versions of ependymal form choroid plexuses.
-Choroid Plexus within certain regions of ventricles. Secrete cerebrospinal fluid. Cilia help move fluid through the cavities of the brain. Have long processes on basal surfaces that extend within the brain tissue, may have astrocyte-like functions.

48
Q

What are the functions of Microglia in the CNS?

A

-resident macrophages
-respond to inflammation
-phagocytize necrotic tissue, microorganisms, and foreign substances that invade the CNS

49
Q

What are the functions of Oligodendrocytes in the CNS?

A

-Form myelin sheaths if surrounding axon.
-Single oligodendrocytes can form myelin sheaths around portions of several axons

50
Q

Which neuroglia cell type secretes CSF?

A

Ependymal Cells

51
Q

Convergent Pathways

A

-neuronal pathway
-many converge and synapse with a smaller number of neurons
-ex. synthesis of data in the brain

52
Q

Divergent Pathways

A

-neuronal pathway
-small number of presynaptic neurons
-synapse with a large number of of postsynaptic neurons
-ex. important information can be transmitted to many parts of the brain

53
Q

Reverberating Circuit

A

-neuronal circuit
-outputs cause reciprocal activation
-ex. rhythmic activities such as breathing

54
Q

Parallel After-Discharge Circuit

A

-neuronal circuit
-neurons stimulate several neurons in parallel organization, which converge upon a common output cell
-ex. complex data processing in the brain

55
Q

Simple patterns of neuronal circuits

A

1 to 1 ratio but not always simple thoughts

56
Q

Complex patterns of neuronal circuits

A

signals back to original neuron

57
Q

Divergent patterns of neuronal circuits

A

one neuron to multiple neurons

58
Q

Convergent patterns of neuronal circuits

A

multiple neurons to one neuron

59
Q

Rhythm patterns of neuronal circuits

A

-cyclical (never stops)
-ex. breathing
-abnormalities are related to seizures

60
Q

Parrallel after Discharge of neuronal circuits

A

-one neuron relays signal to many neurons then converges into a few neurons (difficult math)

61
Q

True or False? Synaptic Connections between neurons can be built and maintained when used during adulthood

A

True

62
Q

A ______ ____ is the smallest, simplest neuronal circuit.

A

Reflex Arc

63
Q

Basic Components of a Reflex Arc

A
  • sensory neuron
  • motor neuron
  • target tissue
64
Q

Reflex Arc

A
  • can be monosynaptic or polysynaptic
  • can be afferent or efferent
65
Q

Afferent

A

dorsal, sensory

66
Q

Efferent

A

ventral, motor

67
Q

Four Major brain regions

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon (middle or inside)
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
68
Q

Gyri

A

elevated ridges or hills (noodles)

69
Q

Sulci

A

small grooves or valleys (depressions)

70
Q

Fissures

A

deep grooves or canyons (deeper than sulci)

A&P I Lecture and Lab (12 decks)

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