Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P I Lecture and Lab > A&P I Ch. 7 Bone Structure and Function > Flashcards

A&P I Ch. 7 Bone Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Bones

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • mineral storage
    -blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Compact Bone

A

dense or cortical bone and 80% of bone mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Spongy Bone (cancellous or trabecular bone)

A

-located internal to compact bone
-appears porous
-20% of bone mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

-attaches ribs to the sternum
-covers ends of some bones
-within growth plates
-model for bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

-weight-bearing cartilage, withstands compression
-included in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci of knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ligaments v.s. Tendons

A

ligaments connect bone to bone and tendons connect muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

normal bone proper, major structural and supportive connective tissue in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bone Marrow

A

soft fatty tissue found in cavities of bones (includes red and yellow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Red Bone Marrow (myeloid tissue)

A

-site of blood cell production hemopoietic
-immature blood cells and fat
-found in children
-located in spongy bone and medullary cavity of long bones
-in adults located in selective areas of the axial skeleton (cranium, head of humerus, ribs, vertebrae, ox coxae, sacrum, and coccyx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

-a product of red bone marrow degeneration as children mature
-fat storage
-can covert back to red bone marrow (during severe anemia: condition with reduced erythrocytes)
-facilitates the production of additional erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 5 general shape classifications of bone and their specifics?

A

-long (longer than wide)
-short (equally long and wide i.e. cube-shaped)
-flat (thin, broad, and commonly curved; sutural bones)
-sesamoid (small, flat, and oval-shaped, specialized bones found within tendons)
-irregular (bones that do not fit into any other category)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Epiphyseal Lines

A

Remnants of growth plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines the inner surface of bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

inner cavity of the long bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Periosteum

A

Outermost layer enveloping bone or tough sheath covering bone’s outer surface
-allows blood vessels to anchor to tissue
-contains an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Perforating Fibers

A

Collagen fibers; anchors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Compact Bone

A

-“seen in lab”
-dense or cortical bone
-80% of bone mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spongy Bone

A

-Canecellous or Trabecular
-located internal to compact bone
-appears pours
-20% of bone mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the inner cellular layer of the periosteum contain?

A

-osteoprogenitor cells
-osteoblasts
-osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do bones have a blood supply?

A

-spongy bone allows them to be highly vascularized
-blood vessels enter from periosteum
-has a nutrient foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nutrient Foramen

A

-small opening or hole in bone
-artery entrance and vein exit here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nerves that supply bone

A

-mainly sensory nerves
-accompany blood vessels through nutrient foramen
-innervate (supply nerves to) bone, periosteum, endosteum, and marrow cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why do bones have an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular CT?

A

-protects bone from surrounding structures
-anchors blood vessels and nerves to bone surface
-attachment site for ligaments and tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What 3 structures are included in the inner cellular layer of bone?

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone

A

Osteons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Osteons

A

-small tightly-packed units in compact bone
-each containing a central canal for nerves and blood vessels
-connect to each other via perforating canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are Osteon Canaliculi?

A
  • tiny interconnecting channels within bone CT
  • appear black under microscope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do osteon canaliculi do?

A
  • connect adjacent lacunae containing osteocytes + secretions
  • extend from each lacuna, travel and connect lacunae and the central canal
  • house osteocyte cytoplasmic projections (allow intracellular contact and communication)
  • allow the exchange of nutrients, minerals, gases (oxygen), and wastes between blood vessels and osteocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Two different types of bone

A

Spongy and Compact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do osteons connect?

A

Perforating canal (connect individual osteons to blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A
  • “resident” stem cells
  • matures to become an osteoblast
  • located in periosteum and endosteum
  • their cellular division yields another stem cell and a “committed cell” (asymmetric)
  • rationale
    –replacement of old or injured bone cells
    –release of Ca++ (homeostasis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Osteoblasts

A

-“build bone”
-form from osteoprogenitor stem cells
-synthesize and secrete osteoid
-become entrapped within the matrix
-forms bone matrix
-differentiate into osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Osteoid

A

-precursor to bone tissue
-contains collagen
-initially semisolid organic form of bone matrix
-osteoid later calcifies
-contributes to bone flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Osteocytes

A

-mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts
-lack bone-firming abilities
-maintain bone matrix
-detect stress on bone, signal osteoblasts, and trigger new bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Osteoclasts

A

-large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells (engulf and digest)
-derived from fused bone marrow cells
-display a ruffled border, increases surface area exposed to bone
-located within or adjacent to a depression/ pit on bone surface
-involved in bone resorption

36
Q

Pit on bone surface

A

-called a resorption lacuna (dying bone tissue)

37
Q

Types of bone cells

A

Marrow Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteocytes

38
Q

Marrow Cells

A

-red marrow
-contains hematopoietic stem cells
-yellow marrow

39
Q

What effect would the over-activity of osteoclasts have on the body?

A

bone loss, possibly leading to osteoporosis

40
Q

Bone Formation

A

-begins with the secretion of osteoid
-calcification

41
Q

Calcification (mineralization)

A

-occurs deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals
-calcium and phosphate ions precipitate out, form crystals

42
Q

Process required for bone formation

A

-Vitamin D
-Vitamin C
-Calcium and Phosphate

43
Q

Vitamin D

A

enhances calcium absorption from GI tract

44
Q

Vitamin C

A

required for collagen formation

45
Q

Calcium and Phosphate

A

for calcification

46
Q

Ossification

A

-begins in the embryo
-continues through childhood and adolescence
-by 8-12th weeks of embryonic development

47
Q

8-12th week of embryonic development

A

-skeleton begins forming
- from intramembranous ossification (minor portion of skeleton)
-endochondral ossification

48
Q

bone growth

A

via intramembranous and endochondral ossification

49
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

-bone cells come from mesenchyme stem cells that make many bones of the skull and part of the clavicle

50
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

-produces the majority of skeletal bones
-bone cells deposited in hyaline cartilage
-chondrocytes die and the area is calcified

51
Q

Appositional Growth

A

-bones become thicker through the addition of bony tissue at the outer surface
-osteoblasts in the periosteum secrete additional bone matrix
-osteoblasts (build more osteons) differentiate into osteoclasts which break down bone on the inner surface to prevent bones from becoming too heavy

52
Q

Bone Resorption

A

-bone matrix destroyed by substances released from osteoclasts
-proteolytic enzymes released from lysosomes (hydrolytic enzymes) within osteoclasts
-calcium and phosphate dissolved by hydrochloric acid
-freed calcium and phosphate ions enter the blood
-occurs when blood calcium levels are low

53
Q

Proteolytic Enzymes released from lysosomes within osteoclasts

A

chemically digest organic matrix components

54
Q

Growth Hormone

A

-produced by the anterior pituitary gland
-estrogen and testosterone have similar function during puberty
-directly stimulates growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

55
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

-produces growth hormone
-stimulates liver to produce insulin-like growth factor (IGF/ somatomedin)

56
Q

IGF

A

-insulin-like growth factor
-directly stimulates growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

57
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

-released from adrenal cortex
-regulate blood glucose level
-high amounts increase bone loss
-impairs growth at epiphyseal plate in children
-must monitor if child is receiving high doses of glucocorticoids (ex. in asthma)

58
Q

Serotonin

A

-neurotransmitter and hormone
- most bones with serotonin receptors
If levels are too high:
-osteoprogenitor cells are prevented from differentiating into osteoblasts
-no longer make cells responsible for making bone tissue

59
Q

HIGH plasma calcium levels

A

-triggers the release of calcitonin (increase activity of osteoblasts) from the thyroid gland
-calcium salts deposited in the bone

60
Q

LOW plasma calcium levels

A

-triggers the release of PTH from the parathyroid glands
-calcium is released from the bones by osteoclast activity and resorbed by the kidneys & intestine

61
Q

Fractures

A

breaks in bone

62
Q

Name the types of fractures

A

-Transverse Fracture
-Stress Fracture
-Oblique Fracture
-Greenstick Fracture
-Comminuted Fracture
-Pathologic Fracture
-Simple Fracture
-Compound Fracture

63
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

horizontal break

64
Q

Stress Fracture

A

thin break caused by increased physical activity vertical break

65
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

diagonal clean break

66
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

from bone bending and cracking (alongside of bone)

67
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

broken in at least two places (multiple bone fracture shards)

68
Q

Pathologic Fracture

A

occurs when a bone is weakened by disease (ex. osteoporosis)

69
Q

Simple Fracture

A

-broken but not penetrating the skin
-2 to 3 months to heal

70
Q

Compound Fracture

A

-one or both ends of the bone pierce overlying skin
-longer than 2-3 months to heal

71
Q

Steps of Fracture Repair

A

1) Fracture Hematoma forms from clotted blood
2) Fibrocartilaginous (soft) Callus forms
3) Hard (bony) callus forms
4) Bone is remodeled

72
Q

2nd Step of Fracture Repair

A

Fibrocartilaginous (soft) Callus forms by
-Fracture hematoma reorganized into a CT procallus
-Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers
-Procallus becomes fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus

73
Q

3rd Step of Fracture Repair

A

Hard (bony) callus forms
-Osteoblasts adjacent to callus produce trabeculae
-Replaces callus
-Forms a hard (bony) callus
-Continues to grow and thicken

74
Q

4th Step of Fracture Repair

A

Bone is remodeled
-Final phase of fracture repair
-Osteoclasts remove excess bony
-Compact bone replaces primary bone
-Usually leaves a slight thickening of bone

75
Q

Causes of Osteoporosis

A

osteoclast activity outpacing osteoblast activity; associated with loss of estrogen

76
Q

Symptoms of Osteoporosis

A

-stooped posture
-increased susceptibility to fractures

77
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis

A

Diagnosis: most common bone disease
-measurement of bone density
Treatment:
-administration of estrogen
-calcitonin
-balanced diet; active lifestyle

78
Q

Osteitis Deformans

A

-symptoms: bone deformity and pain
-results from the disruption between osteoclast and osteoblast function
-characterized by excessive bone resorption followed by excess bone deposition
-larger osteoclasts resorb bone at a higher rate
-newly deposited bone poorly formed
-most commonly affects the pelvis, skull, vertebrae, femur, tibia

79
Q

Rickets

A

-incidence increasing in urban U.S. children
-symptoms: bowlegged appearance, disturbances in growth, hypocalcemia, and tetany (cramps and twitches)
-disease caused by Vitamin D deficiency in childhood
-characterized by deficient calcification of osteoid tissue
-occurs in some developing nations

80
Q

Achondroplasia

A

-a form of Short-limbed Dwarfism
-means to be “without cartilage formation”
-cause: mutations in the FGFR3 gene
-gene provides instruction for synthesizing a protein involved in the development and maintenance of bone
-deficiency in converting cartilage into bone
-failure of chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate to grow and enlarge
-autosomal dominant pattern

81
Q

Acromegaly and Gigantism

A

-Hypersecretion of growth hormone and IGF- 1
-Disorder of disproportionate skeletal, tissue and organ growth
-Gigantism: AKA giantism, excess growth prior to the fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates
-Acromegaly: excessive growth after fusion
-Most common cause of hypersecretion: benign anterior pituitary tumour

82
Q

Epiphysis

A

Top and bottom ends of long bones

83
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bones

84
Q

Lacunae

A

-found in compact bone
-house bone cells

85
Q

The periosteum contains an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue what is it for?

A

-protects bone from surrounding structures
-anchors blood vessels and nerves to bone surface
-attachment site for ligaments and tendons

86
Q

How is the periosteum attached to the bone?

A

numerous collagen fibers such as perforating fibers

87
Q

Perforating Canals

A

connect osteons

A&P I Lecture and Lab (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions