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A&P I Lecture and Lab > A&P I Ch.10 & 11 > Flashcards

A&P I Ch.10 & 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Functions of Skeletal Muscles

A

-movement
-support
-posture
-temperature regulation
-communication

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2
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function of Movement

A
  • create movement by contracting
  • pull on tendons which are connected to bones
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3
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function of Support

A
  • muscles in abdominal wall support visceral organs
  • shield tissue from injury
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4
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function of Posture

A
  • muscles continuously contract to hold the body still, maintaining upright/ standing position
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5
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function of Temperature Regulation

A
  • skeletal muscle is 40% of our body mass
  • it has disproportionate effect on body temperature
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6
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function of Communication

A
  • facillitates all modes of interpersonal communication
    -e.g. speaking, typing, writing, facial expressions, and gestures
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7
Q

Functional Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle

A

-Contractibility
-Excitability
-Extensibility
-Elasticity

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8
Q

Functional Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Contractibility

A

ability of muscle to shorten and produce tension at its ends
-pulls on tendons

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9
Q

Functional Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Excitability

A

ability of a muscle fiber to respond rapidly to electrical or chemical signals (from neurons)

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10
Q

Functional Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Extensibility

A

capacity of muscle to stretch to normal resting length and beyond after contraction

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11
Q

Functional Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Elasticity

A

capacity of muscle to return to its normal resting length after a stretch

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12
Q

Plasticity

A

muscle’s ability to constantly adapt to stretching

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13
Q

Skeletal Muscle Macrostructure Red

A

muscle tissue

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14
Q

Skeletal Muscle Macrostructure White

A

tendons

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15
Q

What are the criteria for skeletal muscle naming?

A

-muscle action
-specific body regions
-muscle attachments
-orientation of muscle fibers
-muscle shape
-muscle size
-number of muscle heads at an attachment site

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16
Q

Muscle Action Meaning and Example

A

indicates muscle’s primary action
ex. flexor digitorum longus (flexes digits)

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17
Q

Specific Body Regions Meaning and Example

A

indicates muscle location
ex. rectus femoris is near the femur

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18
Q

Muscle Attachments Meaning and Example

A

indicates origins and/or insertions
ex. sternocleidomastoid originates on the sternum and clavicle and inserts into the mastoid process of the temporal bone

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19
Q

Orientation of Muscle Fibers Meaning and Example

A

indicates organization of muscle fascicles
ex. rectus abdominis is composed of fibers running in vertically straight (“rectus”) orientation

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20
Q

Muscle Shape Meaning and Example

A

ex. deltoid is like a triangular delta symbol
ex. abductor pollicis longus is a long tendon

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21
Q

Muscle Size Meaning and Example

A

ex. gluteus maximus is the largest of the buttocks muscles

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22
Q

Number of Muscle Heads at an Attachment Site Meaning and Example

A

indicates number of muscle bellies or heads each contains at the superior or proximal attachment site
ex. triceps brachii has three heads

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23
Q

Three concentric layers of wrapping connective tissue components

A

-epimysium
-perimysium
-endomysium

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24
Q

Epimysium

A

-dense irregular tissue wrapping whole muscle
-fibrous connective tissue sheath that surrounds the entire muscle

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25
Q

Perimysium

A

-dense irregular connective tissue wrapping fascicle
-houses many blood vessels and nerves

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26
Q

Endomysium

A

-areolar connective tissue wrapping individual fiber
-delicate layer for electrical insulation, capillary support, binding of neighboring cells

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27
Q

Blood Vessels and Nerves

A
  • skeletal muscle is vascularized, has extensive blood vessels
    -deliver oxygen and nutrients, removing waste products
  • skeletal muscle is innervated by somatic neurons
    -axons of neurons branch, terminate at neuromuscular junctions
    -can allow for voluntary control of contraction
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28
Q

Tendon

A

tough band of fibrous connective tissue connecting muscle to bone

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29
Q

Perymisium and Endomysium

A

provide anchorage and support to local nerves and blood vessels

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30
Q

What structure connects muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

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31
Q

Structure of the Sarcomere

A

-smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle
-repeating units of longitudinally- arranged actin and myosin
-allow for sliding filament model of muscle contraction
-boundaries formed by Z-lines

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32
Q

Inferior Structure of a Muscle Fiber

A
  • Thin
    -F-actin
    -G-actin
  • Thick
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33
Q

Thin Filament

A

looks like pearls on a string

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34
Q

F-actin

A

-thin filament
-initiates many cellular processes including cell motility and muscle contraction

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35
Q

G-actin

A

-thin filament
-the monomer from which F-actin is formed

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36
Q

Thick Filament

A

filament looks like double-headed golf clubs

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37
Q

The sliding filament model of muscle movement

A

1) Calcium ions bind to troponin on actin’s active site
2) Myosin binds actin to form a cross- bridge (“cocked” formation)
3) Phosphate is released, the myosin head moves into low-energy conformation and actin slides towards the M line (“Powerstroke”)
4) A new molecule of ATP replaces ADP (cross-bridge detachment)
5) Cross-bridges break and the cycle repeats

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38
Q

Which part of the sarcomere forms its boundaries?

A

Z line

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39
Q

A Band

A

Actina and Myosin

40
Q

H Zone

A

Myosin shrinks when actin is pulled to midline (M-line)

41
Q

I band

A

Actin

42
Q

True or False? Actin Filament is thin while Myosin Filament is thick

A

True: “Actin (thick) filament”
“Myosin (thin) filament

43
Q

Motor Units Include a Motor Neuron and the muscle fibers it ___________

A

Innervates

44
Q

Motor Unit

A

-in the brain sends impulses
-impulse travels through spinal cord to motor neuron
-muscle action potential stimulated, and sacromeres slide

45
Q

Neuromuscular Junctions

A

dump acteocholine

46
Q

Motor Unit

A
  • Axons of motor neurons from spinal cord (or brain) innervate numerous muscle fibers
  • The number of fibers a neuron innervates varies
    -small motor units have less than five muscle fibers
    –alow for precise control of force output
    -Large motor units have thousands of muscle fibers
    –allow for production of large amount of force (but not precise control)
  • Fibers of a motor unit are dispersed throughout the muscle (not just in one clustered compartment)
47
Q

The __________ ___________ is a chemical synapse between an alpha motor neuron and a muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular Junction

48
Q

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

A
  • where the axon terminal of an alpha motor neuron and the membrane of a muscle fiber meet
  • stimulation causes build-up of intracellular Na+, exit of intracellular Na+, exit of intracellular K+
  • graded potentials lead to action potentials of Ca2+ release
  • stimulation ends when acetylcholinesterase (breaks bonds) degrades Ach in synaptic cleft
49
Q

1) Neuromuscular Junction: Excitation of Skeletal Muscle Fiber

A
  • 1a) Calcium entry at synaptic knob
  • 1b) Release of ACh from synaptic knob
    -1c) Binding of ACh at motor end plate
50
Q

Calcium entry at the synaptic knob

A

-nerve signal travels down (propagated down) the axon, opens voltage-gated Ca2 channels (triggers entry)
-Ca2 diffuses into the synaptic knob
-Ca2 binds to proteins on surface of synaptic vesicles

51
Q

Release of ACh from synaptic knob

A

-vesicles merge with cell membrane at synaptic knob exocytosis
-thousands of ACh molecules released from about 300 vesicles
- calcium binding triggers synaptic vesicles to merge with the synaptic knob plasma membrane and ACh is exocytosed into the synaptic cleft

52
Q

Binding of ACh at motor end plate

A
  • ACh diffuses across the fluid-filled synaptic cleft at the motor end plate to bind with ACh receptors
  • Excites Fiber
53
Q

Steps of a Complete Muscle Contraction

A

1) ACh binds to muscle fiber
-make graded potential
2) Action potential moves into T tubules
3) Ca2+ is released by sarcoplasmic reticulum
4) Ca2+ binding, cross-bridge formation
5) Muscle Contraction; uses ATP
6) Acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh
7) Ca2+ reabsorption into sarcoplasmic reticulum
8) Active sites become unexposed
9) Further sliding prevented

54
Q

Supplying Energy for Skeletal Muscle Metabolism

A
  • Muscles only have a little ATP in storage
    -Stored ATP is spent after 5 seconds of intense exertion
  • Addiotional ATP rapidly produced via mypokinase (shuttle phosphates)
    -Phisphate transferred form one ADP to another to make ATP
55
Q

Three ways to generate additional ATP in skeletal muscle fiber

A

-creatine phosphate
-glycolysis
-aerobic cellular respiration

56
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A
  • contains high-energy bond between creatine and phosphate
  • phosphate can be transferred to ADP to form ATP
  • catalyzed by creatine kinase (break the bond take the phosphate)
  • 10-15 seconds of additional energy
57
Q

Glycolysis

A

-does not require oxygen (anaerobic)
-Glucose (from muscle’s glycogen or through blood) is converted to two pyruvate molecules
-2 ATP released per glucose molecule
-occurs in cytosol

58
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A
  • requires oxygen
  • occurs within mitochondria
  • pyruvate oxidized to carbon dioxide
    -transfer of chemical bond energy to NADH and FADH2
    -energy used to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
    –produces a net of 32 ATP
  • Triglycerides can also be used as fuel to produce ATP
    -More ATP from tiglcerides with longer fatty acid
59
Q

ATP from Muscle Fibers

A

5 seconds (short and intense exercise)

60
Q

ATP from Creatine Phosphate and ADP

A

10 seconds (short and intense exercise)

61
Q

ATP from Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

40 seconds (short and intense exercise)

62
Q

ATP from Aerobic Pathway

A

hours (prolonged exercise)

63
Q

How many seconds of energy does a 50-meter sprint require?

A

-less than 10 seconds
-ATP supplied primarily by phosphate transfer system

64
Q

How many seconds of energy does a 400-meter sprint require?

A

-less than one minute
-ATP supplied primarily by glycolysis after first few seconds

65
Q

How many seconds of energy does a 1500-meter sprint require?

A

-more than one minute
- ATP supplied primarily by aerobic processes after first minute

66
Q

How does a muscle get most of its energy at rest?

A

aerobic metabolism

67
Q

Fatigue inducing situations

A

-Lactic Acid build-up (makes blood more acidic) after high-intensity exercise
-Glycogen depletion after medium-intensity exercise over long periods of time

68
Q

Muscle Fatigue

A

muscles cannot continue contractions even under nervous stimulation

69
Q

Lactic Acid Removal

A

-Lactic Acid can be recycled back to pyruvic acid
-used by mitochondria to generate ATP or rebuild glycogen reserves
-also shuttled through the blood to the liver and back to the muscle (Cori cycle)

70
Q

High-Intensity Exercise

A

-maintains/ improves muscular strength, endurance, mass, size, metabolic capacity, power, resting metabolic rate, bone mineral density and overall physical function

71
Q

Muscle Soreness

A
  • delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) usually lasts 3-4 days and is most intense after eccentric contractions
  • May be caused by very small muscle tears or injury to connective tissues/ tendons
  • Principle of overload: body adapts after rest and becomes stronger
72
Q

Locations of Smooth Muscle

A
  • blood vessels of cardiovascular system
    -helps regulate blood pressure and flow
  • bronchioles of respiratory system
    -controls airflow to alveoli
  • intestines of digestive system
    -mixes and propels materials
  • ureters of urinary system
    -propels urine from kidneys to bladder
  • uterus of female reproductive system
73
Q

Structure of Smooth Muscle Cells and Tissue

A
  • smaller than skeletal muscle cells
  • spindle-shaped
  • have centrally-located nucleus
  • no t-tubules or visible sarcomeres
  • do not fuse during development
  • connected by junctions
    -have membrane invaginations called caveolae
74
Q

Main Functions of Smooth Muscle

A

-line walls of hollow organs
-responsible for involuntary movements
-contraction/ relaxation of passageways to allow flow (e.g. respiratory passageways or blood vessels)
-contraction of organs (e.g. uterus)

75
Q

Main differences of Smooth Muscle from Skeletal Muscle

A
  • smooth muscle produces more force and achieves greater change in size
    -smooth muscle is regulated at the level of myosin phosphorylation rather than troponin binding
    -smooth muscle contraction is involuntary, slower, and able to endure
    -smooth muscle can contract phasically
76
Q

What are the two categories of Smooth Muscle?

A

Multiunit and Single Unit

77
Q

Multiunit Smooth Muscle

A
  • arranged in units that receive stimulation to contract individually
    -found in many areas
    -degree of contraction depends on number of motor units activated, similar to skeletal muscle
78
Q

In what areas are Multiunit Smooth Muscles found?

A

-iris and cilliary muscles of the eye
-arrector pilli muscles in skin
-large air passageways in respiratory system
-walls of larger arteries

79
Q

Single-unit (visceral) Smooth Muscle

A

-most common type
-stimulated to contract in unison as cells linked by gap junctions
-form two or three sheets in wall of hollow organ
-in many locations

80
Q

In what locations are single-unit smooth Muscles found?

A

-walls of digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts
-portions of respiratory tract
-most blood vessels

81
Q

Origin

A

muscles’s proximal attachment, typically moves the least

82
Q

Insertion

A

muscle’s distal attachment typically moves the most

83
Q

Agonist

A

mucle or muscle group most directly involved in movemnet

84
Q

Antagonist

A

opposing muscle group; slows down limbs during fast movement

85
Q

Synergist

A

muscles that stabilize the body during movement but are not responsible for the movement

86
Q

Definition of Isotonic Contractions

A

generation of muscle force with constant muscle tension and change in muscle length

87
Q

Concentric

A

-isotonic contraction
-contractile force is greater than external load
-muscle shortens
-more

88
Q

Eccentric

A

-isotonic contraction
-contractile force is less than external load
-muscle lengthens
-less

89
Q

Definition of Isometric Contractions

A

active muscle contraction without changing the muscle length
-equal

90
Q

Example of isometric contractions

A

“stalemate” during arm wrestling match

91
Q

During what type of muscle contraction(s) does the muscle length change?

A

Concentric and Eccentric

92
Q

Endurance exercise leads to _______ _____ __________.

A

better ATP production

93
Q

Resistance exercise leads to ____________.

A

hypertrophy

94
Q

Hypertrophy

A

-muscle increases in size due to increases in synthesis of contractile proteins
-muscle also increases glycogen reserves and mitochondria
-limited amount of hyperplasia (increase in number of fibers)

95
Q

Atrophy

A

-change in muscle from lack of exercise
-decrease in size due to lack of use
-ex. someone wearing a cast
-initially reversible but becomes permamanent if extreme

96
Q
A

A&P I Lecture and Lab (12 decks)

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