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A&P I Lecture and Lab > A&P I Ch.8 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

A&P I Ch.8 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the axial skeleton?

A

-skull
-hyoid bone
-sternum
-ribs
-vertebral column

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

bones within the long axis of the body

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3
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

bones in the body’s limbs

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4
Q

How many bones are in the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton?

A

206

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5
Q

Depressions and examples

A

-facet ex. articulation points (rib)
-fovea (foveae) ex. femur’s fovea capitis
-fossa (fossae) ex. distal portion within olecranon fossa of humerus
-grove (sulcus) ex. costal groove of rib

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6
Q

Define Openings of bone

A

holes that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through a bone; permit access to the middle and inner ear; encase delicate structures to protect them from trauma

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7
Q

Define Projections in bone

A

bony extensions of varying shapes and sizes; some provide locations for attachment of muscles, tendons and ligaments; some fit into depressions of other bones to stabilize joints

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8
Q

Cranial Bones

A

-singular frontal
-occipital
-ethmoid and sphenoid
-paired temporal and parietal

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9
Q

Functions of the Cranial Bones

A

-surround and protect the brain
-attachment of head and neck muscles through surface features
-house and protect special sense organs

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10
Q

Facial Bones

A

-singular mandible and vomer
-paired maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae

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11
Q

Functions of the Facial Bones

A

-all on anterior side
-form underlying scaffold for face
-provide passages for air and food
-provide anchor site for teeth
-provide anchors for face muscles
-form cavities for special sense organs

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12
Q

Cavities of the skull

A

-Cranial Cavity
-Orbits (eye sockets)
-Oral Cavity
-Nasal Cavity
-Paranasal Sinuses

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13
Q

Functions of Cranial Cavity

A

-largest cavity of the skull
-encloses, protects, and supports the brain
-formed by cranial bones

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14
Q

Cranial Fossae

A

-viewed from internal view of cranial base
-3 curved depressions on cranial cavity floor
-house the lobes of the brain
-anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae

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15
Q

Nasal Complex

A

-encloses nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
-made of bone and cartilage

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16
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A
  • ethmoidal, sphenoidal, frontal, and maxillary sinuses
  • air-filled chambers open into nasal cavity
  • mucous membrane membrane humidifiers and warms inhaled air
  • cause skull bones to be lighter
  • provide resonance to voice
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17
Q

Sexually Dimorphic

A

can determine sex based on bone (ex. skull, os coxae)

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18
Q

Differences in Female and Male Skull

A

Female: rounded and small
Male: larger and bulkier
-Infant and juvenile remains appear female-like until after puberty

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19
Q

Facts about Cranial Sutures

A

-fully developed by age 5
-shape and sutures differ in adults and infants
-young children’s cranium is relatively large compared to body
-infants cranial bones are not large enough to surround the brain completely

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20
Q

Fontanelles

A

-cranial bones interconnected by dense regular CT
-“soft spots” on baby’s head
-enable some flexion in body plates during birth
-ease baby’s passage through birth canal
-some close relatively quickly after birth (small mastoid and sphenoid fontanelles)

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21
Q

Posterior Fontanelle

A

closes around 9 months

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22
Q

Anterior Fontanalle

A

closes around 15 months

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23
Q

Orbital Cavities

A

-contains eyeballs, blood vessels, muscles, nerves and lacrimal glands
-formed by parts of seven bones

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24
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

-contains passages for air and sensory neurons for smell
-formed by several bones lined with mucous membranes

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25
Q

Oral Cavity

A

-contains teeth, tongue, passage for food and air, and most salivary glands
-first part of GI tract
-roof formed by hard palate
-lacks bony floor and back wall

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26
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

-misc. axial bone
-only bone in the body that doesn’t articulate with any others
-position in the neck maintained by ligaments (styloid ligament)
-serve as an important attachment site for muscles involved in swallowing and phonation (production of speech sounds)

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27
Q

How many human vertebrae are there?

A

-7 Cervical
-12 Thoracic
-5 Lumbar
-fused vertebrae ( 5-sacrum and 4-coccyx)
-33 altogether

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28
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A

-sit between adjacent bodies
-cushion/ absorb physical shock (withstand stress and compression)
-resist grinding between bones
-facilitate motion

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29
Q

Herniated Discs

A

-outer (rubbery) ring weakens, allowing inner (soft) core to bulge out
-occurs due to age, physical trauma/ strain, or awkward motions
-treatments include bed rest, physical therapy, medications

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30
Q

Bones of the Sternum and Features

A

-stabalize the rib cage and protects vital organs
-manubrium contains notches that articulate with pectoral girdles and attach to first ribs
-body contains notches for articulations with 2nd through 7th ribs
-xiphoid process is where abdominal muscles attach to sternum

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31
Q

True Ribs

A
  • ribs 1-7
  • attach to sternum via intercostal cartilage
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32
Q

Rib Cage

A

formed by 12 pairs of rib bones and their associated anterior costal cartilage

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33
Q

False Ribs

A
  • ribs 8-12
  • share costal cartilage
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34
Q

Floating Ribs

A
  • ribs 11-12
  • do not attach to sternum
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35
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A
  • articulates with the trunk
  • supports the upper limbs
  • consists of the clavicles and the scapulae
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36
Q

Clavicle (collar bone)

A
  • Collarbone
  • Elongated S- S-shaped bone
  • Extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula
  • Acts as a brace to resist longitudinal compression
  • Keeps scapula in the correct position
  • Contains the sternal end, acromial end, and conoid tubercle
37
Q

Clavicle Fractures

A
  • one of the most fractured bones in the body
  • middle area is more common than ends
  • usually results from falls on the shoulder, accidents, sports, and childbirth (baby)
38
Q

Interosseous Borders

A

radius and ulna facing each other, dense regular connective tissue

39
Q

Interosseous Membrane

A

dense regular CT, keeps radius and ulna a fixed distance apart, pivot of rotation for the forearm

40
Q

Supination

A

-in anatomical position, the palm of the hand facing anteriorly
-radius and ulna parallel
-radius on lateral side of forearm
-ulna on medial side

41
Q

Pronation

A

-radius and ulna pivoting along interosseous membrane
-palm of the hand facing posteriorly
-head of the radius still on lateral side of elbow
-distal end of radius has crossed over

42
Q

Carrying Angle (Radius and Ulna)

A

-with upper limbs extended and forearms supinated
-bones of forearm angle laterally from elbow joint
-positioned so forearms clear hips during walking
-wider in females (along with hips)

43
Q

Cubitus Varus

A

carrying angle less than 5 degrees

44
Q

Normal Carrying Angle

A
  • carrying angle 5-10 degrees in males
  • carrying angle 10-15 degrees angle in females
45
Q

Cubitus Valgus

A
  • carrying angle greater than 15 degrees
  • the risk of pinched nerves crossing through bones
  • typically acquired through fractures
46
Q

Female Normal Carrying Angle

A

10- 15 degrees

47
Q

Male Normal Carrying Angle

A

5-10 degrees

48
Q

Scaphoid

A

articulates with radius

49
Q

Lunate

A

articulates with ulna and radius

50
Q

Triquetrum

A

articulates with ulna and pisiform

51
Q

Pisiform and Hamate

A

articulates with triquetrum

52
Q

Trapezium and Trapezoid

A

articulates with scaphoid

53
Q

Capitate

A

articulates with scaphoid and lunate

54
Q

Most commonly fractured carpal and why

A

Scaphoid Bone
-May fracture from outstretched hand
-blood vessels
torn, resulting in avasular necrosis
—death of bone tissue due to inadequate blood supply
—resulting in long healing time (more than 6 months)

55
Q

True or false? Metacarpals and phalanges are short bone

A

FALSE because they are longer than they are wide

56
Q

What are the structures of metacarpals?

A

-Base (proximal epiphysis)
-Shaft/Body (diaphysis)
-Head (distal epiphysis; knuckles)

57
Q

What are the structures of the phalanges?

A

-Proximal Phalanx
-Middle Phalanx (except thumb)
-Distal Phlanx

58
Q

How many carpals are there in each hand?

A

5

59
Q

What is the os coaxed composed of?

A

The ilium, ischium, and pubis

60
Q

At what age does the os coxae fuse?

A

13 to 15 years

61
Q

Describe the part of the os coxae that articulates with the femur

A

Acetabulum:
-deep, curved depression on lateral os coxae
-region where 3 bones have fused

62
Q

Os coxae articulation

A

-articulates posteriorly with sacrum at sacroiliac joint
-articulates with femur at acetabulum

63
Q

Sexually dimorphic

A

determine sex based on bone morphology

64
Q

What is the most sexually dimorphic bone?

A

The Ossa coxae due to the demands of childbirth

65
Q

Characteristics of female os coxae

A

-lighter
-wider (due to ilium flaring more laterally)
-acetabulum projects more laterally
-greater sciatic notch is wider
-round or oval pelvic inlet
-shallow and shorter Pubic Symphisis
-obtuse angle of pubic arch (greater than 90 degrees)

66
Q

Characteristics of a male os coxae

A

-more dense
-anatomical heart-shaped pelvic inlet
-deeper, longer pubic symphysis
-acute angle of pubic arch (less than 90 degrees)

67
Q

What part of the body is a relative age determinate

A

-pubic symphysis without cartilage
-young= rough bony ridges
-middle age= slightly rough bony ridges
-old age= smooth bony ridges

68
Q

How many bony structures are in the leg bones

A

1 femur
1 patella
1 tibia and 1 fibula
7 tarsal bones
5 metatarsal bones
14 phalanges
= 30 bones in total

69
Q

What bone is missing from the thumb and big toe?

A

Middle phalange #1

70
Q

What are the functions of arches in the foot?

A

-helps support body weight
-ensure blood vessels on sole of foot not pinched when standing
-shape maintained primarily by foot bones themselves
-bones shaped so they can support their aweigh in an arch
-strong ligaments and tendons also helping maintain arches’ shapes

71
Q

Highest of three arches

A

medial longitudinal arch

72
Q

Medial longitudinal arch

A

-highest of 3 arches
-prevents medial side of foot from touching the ground
-extends from heel to great toe
-formed from calcaneus, talus, navicular, and cuneiform bones, along with metatarsals 1-3

73
Q

Lateral longitudinal arch

A

-lower than medial arch
-extends between little tow and heel
-formed from calcaneus, cuboid bones, and metatarsals 4 and 5

74
Q

Transverse Arch

A

-shallow and hard to see
-perpendicular to longitudinal arches
-formed from distal row of tarsals and bases of all metatarsals

75
Q

What does a footprint illustrate?

A

Position of longitudinal arches

76
Q

Bunion

A

-localized swelling at first metatarsophalangeal joint
-causes big toe to point toward second toe
-causes long term pressure on toe joint
-Treatment: manage symptoms and bunionectomh (drain fluid or shave down bone)
-typically due to old age

77
Q

Pes Cavus

A

-excessively high longitudinal arches
-occurs in roughly 10% of population
-causes excessive weight on talus and calcaneus
— resulting in increased ankle pain, sprained and rolled ankles
-2/3rds of cases exhibit neurological conditions= muscle imbalances
-treatments: orthotics, osteotomy, tendon legththening

78
Q

Talipes Equinovarus

A

-Congenital Clubfoot
-occurs in the womb when there isn’t enough room, or idiopathic (unknown)
-feet permanently inverted
-ankles plantar flexed
-treatment: casting, surgery

79
Q

Pes Planus

A

-flat feet
-medial longitudinal arch flattened
-caused by excess weight, posture abnormalities, weak supporting tissue
-Treatment: orthotics, changes in activity/ weight loss, physical therapy, surgery

80
Q

Polydactyly

A

having extra digits
-prevalent in African American and Southeast Asians

81
Q

Ectrodactyly

A

absence of a digit

82
Q

Syndactyly

A

“webbing” or abnormal digit fusion

83
Q

Phocomelia

A

short, poorly formed limb
-carcinogens ingested by mother

84
Q

What bones make up the pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)?

A

Clavicle and scapula

85
Q

What bones make up the pelvic girdle

A

Pubic bones (ischium, ilium, and pubic symphysis)

86
Q

Projections and Examples

A

-condyle ex. mandibular condyle
-crest ex. iliac crest of ilium
-head ex. head of humerus
-tubercle and tuberosity ex. deltoid tuberosity of humerus
-epicondyle ex. medial epicondyle of humerus
-process ex. coracoid process of scapula
-spine ex. spine of the scapula
-protuberance ex. external occipital protuberance of osccipital bone
-trochanter ex. greater trochanter of femur
-line ex. linea aspera of femur

87
Q

Define Depressions in bone

A

clefts of varying depth in a bone; located where a bone meets another structure, such as another bone or blood vessel

88
Q

Openings and Examples

A

-canal (meatus) ex. external acoustic meatus of temporal bone
-fissure (cracks) ex. superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
-foramen (foramina) ex. supraorbital foramen of frontal bone

A&P I Lecture and Lab (12 decks)

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