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A&P I Lecture and Lab > A&PI Ch. 13,14,&15 Central and Automatic Nervous Systems prt. 2 > Flashcards

A&PI Ch. 13,14,&15 Central and Automatic Nervous Systems prt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ and ______ _______ are composed of gray and white tissue.

A

Brain; Sinal Cord

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2
Q

Gray Matter

A

-outside for the brain
-made of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

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3
Q

White Matter

A

-outside for spinal cord
-consists of myelinated axons
-organized in bundles called tracts

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4
Q

True or False? The distribution of white and gray matter is the same in the brain and spinal cord.

A

FALSE; it is the opposite distribution in the brain and spinal cord
-White Matter (outside for spinal cord inside for brain)
-Gray Matter (outside for brain and inside for spinal cord)

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5
Q

What are the 7 Lobes of the brain?

A

-Frontal
-Temporal
-Brain Stem
-Parietal
-Insula
-Occipital
-Cerebellum

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6
Q

Which lobe of the brain is hidden?

A

Insula

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7
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

-thinking
-memory
-behaviour and movement

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8
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

-hearing
-learning
-feelings

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9
Q

Brain Stem

A

-breathing
-heart rate
-temperature

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10
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

-language
-touch

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11
Q

Insula

A

-subjective perception of one’s self
-awareness

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12
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

sight

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A

-balance
-coordination

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14
Q

Where are the motor areas of the brain located?

A

they are housed within frontal lobes

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15
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

-in the precentral gyrus
-it is also called a somatic motor area

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16
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A

controls skeletal muscle activity on opposite sides of the body (project contralateral (opposite side) within brainstem or spinal cord)

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17
Q

The controlled body regions map as a ________ ____________

A

motor homunculus

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18
Q

Motor Homunculus

A

-distorted proportions of the body reflect amount of cortex dedicated to each part
-ex. hands are large on homunculus because large area of the brain controls their precise movements

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19
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

an elevated ridge or hill

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20
Q

3 Parts of the Brainstem

A

-Medulla Oblongata
-Pons
-Midbrain

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21
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

relay station between spinal cord and brain

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22
Q

Pons

A

relay station from medulla to higher cortical structures of the brain

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23
Q

Midbrain

A

nerve pathway of the cerebral hemisphere

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24
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

-Olfactory (I) -Optic (II)
-Oculomotor (III) -Trigeminal (V)
-Trochlear (IV) -Facial (VII)
-Abducens (VI) -Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
-Glossopharyngeal (IX) -Vagus (X)
-Accessory (XI) -Hypoglossal (XII)

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25
Q

Structures of the Cerebellum

A

-Arbor Vitae
-Flocculonodular Lobe
-Vermis
-Lateral Hemispheres

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26
Q

Arbor Vitae

A

white matter of the cerebellum

27
Q

Flocculonodular

A

control of balance and eye movements

28
Q

Vermis

A

posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination

29
Q

Lateral Hemispheres

A

planning, practicing, and learning complex movements

30
Q

Structures of The Diencephalon

A

-thalamus
-subthalamus
-epithalamus
-hypothalamus

31
Q

Thalamus

A

largest part; receives input from most sensory neurons in the body

32
Q

Subthalamus

A

motor functions

33
Q

Epithalamus

A

-emotional (attach to smell) and visceral (gag reflex to smells) responses to odors; biological clock
-pineal gland (melatonin)

34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

major endocrine tissue; homeostatically regulates many important physiological processes

35
Q

The __________ is associated with memory.

A

hippocampus

36
Q

Limbic System

A

-the emotional brain (creation and maintenance)
-composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures that process and experience emotions

37
Q

Hippocampus

A

-part of the limbic system
-associated with spatial memory and navigation, verbal memory, and learning of computational information
-site of formation of new memories

38
Q

Spinal Cord Anatomy

A

-long, thin, tubular bundle of neurons
-carriers information to/from the brain
-encased in vertebrae and meninges
-divided into different segments that correspond with overlying vertebrae

39
Q

_______ _______ is organized into funiculi (columns): dorsal, lateral and ventral.

A

White Matter

40
Q

Each _______ is organized into nerve tracts.

A

funiculi

41
Q

What are the nerves in the spinal cord?

A

dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, ventral root, dorsal root

42
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

carries sensory information to and from the back

43
Q

Ventral Ramus

A

carries motor information to and from the other parts of the body

44
Q

Ventral Root

A

motor axons

45
Q

Dorsal Root

A

sensory axons

46
Q

What is Dicephalon?

A

The center of the brain

47
Q

Which activities are under the control of the flocculonodular lobe?

A

balance and eye movement

48
Q

The ______________ is associated with memory and is destroyed with Alzheimer’s in tandem with the amygdala.

A

Hippocampus

49
Q

What is the amygdala associated with?

A

Emotions

50
Q

What are the placements of the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater?

A
  • Dura Mater= directly touches bone
  • Arachnoid Mater= touches fluid
  • Pia Mater= touches tissue
51
Q

White mater is arranged in _________.

A

funiculi (columns)

52
Q

What are the 3 funiculi of white matter called?

A

dorsal, lateral, and ventral

53
Q

Each funiculi is organized into _______ _______.

A

nerve tracts

54
Q

Dorsal root is _______ to CNS.

A

afferent

55
Q

Ventral root is ________ to CNS.

A

efferent

56
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent?

A
  • Afferent= toward CNS
  • Efferent= away from CNS (exiting)
57
Q

The peripheral nervous system is divided into what two categories?

A

-Motor Neurons= CNS to muscles and glands (efferent)
-Sensory Neurons= Sensory organs to CNS (afferent)

58
Q

Motor Neurons are divided into what two categories?

A

-Somatic Nervous System (controls voluntary movement)
-Autonomic Nervous System (controls involuntary movement)
-Enteric Nervous System

59
Q

The Autonomic Nervous system is divided into what two categories?

A

-Sympathetic Division (fight or flight)
-Parasympathetic Division (rest and digest)

60
Q

How do Somatic Neurons control movement?

A

Somatic neurons control movement by innervating skeletal muscles

61
Q

How do Autonomic Neurons control movement?

A

Autonomic Neurons control movement by innervating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

62
Q

True or False? Sensory neurons are not subdivided into somatic and autonomic.

A

TRUE; because there is an overlap in their functions
-ex. pain receptors can stimulate both somatic and autonomic reflexes

63
Q

What is the ANS?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

64
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

-maintains homeostasis by regulating involuntary activities
-ex. heart rate, breathing rate, body temp, and digestion

A&P I Lecture and Lab (12 decks)

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