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A&P I Lecture and Lab > A&P I Ch.9 Articulations > Flashcards

A&P I Ch.9 Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

Range of Motion

A

refers to the normal extent of mobility for a specific joint movement

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2
Q

Degrees of Freedom

A

the number of axes at which movement in a joint occurs

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3
Q

Stability v.s. Mobility

A

the more mobile a joint, the more likely it is to get injured

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4
Q

True or False? The more stable a joint, the more mobile it is

A

False (more stable, less mobile)

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5
Q

True or False? In every joint, there is a trade-off between mobility and stability

A

True

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6
Q

Most Stable; immobile

A

Sutures

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7
Q

Stable; Slightly mobile

A

intervertebral joints

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8
Q

Between Immobile and Slightly mobile; Between Most stable and Stable

A

Interosseous Membrane

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9
Q

Most mobile; Least stable

A

Glenohumeral Joint (shoulder)

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10
Q

Between Slightly mobile and Most mobile; between Stable and Least stable

A

Knee Joint

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11
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

-bones joined by cartilage
-primary function is to resist compression and tension stress
-resilient shock absorbers
-immobile or slightly mobile
-ex. Intervertebral Joints

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12
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

-bones held together by dense connective tissue
-collagen fibers holding them together
-primary function is to hold bones together
-immobile or slightly mobile
-ex. sutures and interosseous membrane

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13
Q

Synovial Joints

A

-most common in appendicular skeleton
-bones joined by ligaments with fluid-filled joint cavity separating bone surfaces
-primary function is movement
-all freely mobile
-ex. Glenohumeral Joint (shoulder) and Knee Joint

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14
Q

Synarthroses

A

-immobile joints
-can be fibrous or cartilaginous

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15
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

-slightly mobile joints
-can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints

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16
Q

Diarthroses

A

-freely mobile joints
-all synovial joints

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17
Q

Fibrous Joint Examples

A

Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis all which have Synarthrosis (No Movement) and Amphiarthrosis (Slight Movement)

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18
Q

Syndesmosis Movement

A

-Amphiarthrosis Slight Movement
-Distal Tibiofibular (tibia and fibula)

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19
Q

Suture Movement

A

-Synarthrosis (No Movement)
-Cornonal, Lambdoid, and Saggital (frontal, parietal, and occipital bones)

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20
Q

Gomphosis Movement

A

-Synarthrosis (No Movement)
-Dentoalveolar (tooth and alveolarprocess)

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21
Q

Sutures

A

-connect membranous bones of the skull
-immovable (syanothrosis)

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22
Q

Fontanels

A

-incompletely-ossified membranous areas present in fetal and infant skulls
-become ossified by age 2

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23
Q

Syndesmoses

A

-bones (tibia and fibula) are connected by interosseous ligament
-allow slight shift, or “give” movement (Amphiarthrosis)

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24
Q

Gomphosis

A

-how teeth articulate with the mandibular and maxillary sockets
-connective tissue fibers form periodontal ligaments
-generally immovable, but can show movement over time (Synarthrosis; no movement)

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25
Q

What structure constitutes the “soft spots” on a baby’s head?

A

Fontanelles

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26
Q

Interosseous Ligament

A

Connect Lateral Malleolus of Fibula and Medial Malleolus of Fibula

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27
Q

Synchondroses

A

-Hyaline cartilage connects bones or parts of bones
-structure reveals developmental history
-ex. epiphyseal plates are remnants of cartilage templates for bone growth

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28
Q

Symphyses

A

-fibrocartilage discs unite bones
-allows slight movement between articulating bones
-ex. pubic symphysis, joints connecting vertebral bodies

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29
Q

Synovial Joint

A

-characterized by a joint cavity containing Synovial FLUID
-Feely movable joints
-most common joint in appendicular skeleton
-all share common anatomy

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30
Q

Why do synovial joints contain fluid?

A

Synovial fluid allows for lubrication of joint cavity

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31
Q

Uniaxial Joints

A

-type of synovial joint
-1 axis of rotation
-1 degree of freedom
-1 plane of movement
-hinge joints
-pivot joints

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32
Q

Hinge Joint

A

-type of uniaxial joint
-concave surface articulating with a convex surface

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33
Q

Pivot Joint

A

-type of uniaxial joint
-cylindrical shape rotates within a ring of bone of bone or ligament

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34
Q

Biaxial Joint

A

-type of synovial joint
-2 axes of rotation
-2 planes of movement
-Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
-Saddle Joints

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35
Q

Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints

A

-type of biaxial joint
-ovoid-shape process articulating with a shallow cavity

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36
Q

Saddle Joints

A

-type of biaxial joint
-same movements as condyloid joints, but distinct based on the shapes of the bones involved

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37
Q

Multiaxial Joints

A

-type of synovial joint
-3 degrees of freedom (ball and socket)
-no identifiable axes of rotation (gliding)
-Ball and Socket Joints
-Gliding Joints

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38
Q

Ball and Socket Joints

A

-type of multiaxial joint
-spherical surface articulating with a cup-shaped socket

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39
Q

Gliding Joints

A

-type of multiaxial joint
-flat or nearly-flat articular surfaces that allow gliding in any direction

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40
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

A

-articulation between the mandibular condyle and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
-classified as combined hinge/ gliding joint
-hinge action
-gliding action
-also capable of side-to-side excursions

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41
Q

Hinge Action

A

between mandibular condyle and fossa

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42
Q

Gliding Action

A

mandibular condyle moves forward toward articular tubercle

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43
Q

Intervertebral Joints features

A

-bodies articulate with each other via symphysis joints
-articular facets articulate via gliding joints
-vertebral bodies are joined by fibrocartilage pads (intervertebral discs) forming slightly-movable symphysis joints
-slight movement is allowed at each joint

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44
Q

C1 and C2 (Atlanta Axial Joint) Features

A

-C1= “atlas”; supports the “globe” of the skull
-C2= “axis”
-Dens of C2 projects into ring formed by C1
-Double-condyloid joint allows for extended range of motion of the head on the neck
-the most mobile of all intervertebral articulations

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45
Q

Shoulder Joint

A

-most freely movable joint in the body
-triaxial ball-and-socket joint
-ball= humerus head
-socket= glenoid cavity
-stabilized by rotator cuff muscles

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46
Q

Supraspinatus

A

-stabilized by rotator cuff muscles
-abduction

47
Q

Infraspinatus and Teres Minor

A

-stabilized by rotator cuff muscles
-adduction and lateral rotation

48
Q

Subscapularis

A

-stabilized by rotator cuff muscles
-medial rotation (out and in)

49
Q

What muscles are stabilized by rotator cuff muscles?

A

-Supraspinatus
-Infraspinatus
-Teres Minor
-Subscapularis

50
Q

Shoulder Girdle Features

A

-Sternoclavicular Joint
-Acromioclavicular Joint
-Scapulothroracic Joints

51
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint

A

clavicle articulates with the head of sternum via gliding joint

52
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

A

clavicle articulates with acromion of scapula via gliding joint

53
Q

Scapulothoracic Joint

A

-surface of anterior scapula glides on surface of posterior thoracic cage
-underside of thoracic cage

54
Q

Anatomy of the Elbow Joint

A

-Humeroulnar Joint
-Humeroradial Joint
-Proximal Radioulnar Joint

55
Q

Humeroulnar Joint

A

-hinge joint formed by trochlea of humerus articulating with trochlear notch of ulna
-uniaxial; allows flexion and extension

56
Q

Humeroradial Joint

A

formed by capitulum of humerus articulating with head of radius

57
Q

Proximal Radioulnar Joint

A

pivot joint allowing pronation and supination

58
Q

Anatomy of the Hip Joint

A

-triaxial ball-and-socket joint
-acetabular labrum
-ligaments
-allows same movements as shoulder, but with smaller range of motion

59
Q

BALL of Ball and Socket Joint

A

femoral head/ humeral head

60
Q

SOCKET of Ball and Socket Joint

A

acetabulum/ glenoid cavity

61
Q

Acetabular Labrum

A

fibrocartilage that deepens the socket and improves fit

62
Q

Ligaments

A

prevent excessive movement

63
Q

Anatomy of the Knee Joint

A
  • largest joint in the body
  • classified as “modified hinge”
  • articular surfaces provide little stability
    -soft tissue structures provide joint integrity and support
    -these include menisci and ligamnets
  • Knee itself composed of tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints
64
Q

Flexion Joint Movements

A

raises limbs forward (anterior) in the saggital plane

65
Q

Extension Joint Movements

A

moves limbs backward (posterior) in the saggital plane

66
Q

Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion

A

-special for ankle
-dorsi= toward lower leg
-planter= back to the ground surface away from lower leg

67
Q

Abduction

A

-occurs in the frontal plane
-movement away from the midline

68
Q

Adduction

A

-occurs in the frontal plane
-movement towards midline

69
Q

Midline

A

-occurs in the frontal plane
-can refer to the body’s midline or midline of another structure

70
Q

Circumduction

A

-movement that occurs along the sagittal and frontal planes
-a combination of movements in a cone-like shape with appendages

71
Q

Rotation

A

-movements that can occur around the longitudinal axis of the moving segment
-rotation of the head on the neck
-rotation of the intervertebral discs of the spine
-rotation possible at ball-and-socket joints

72
Q

Nodding your head to say yes is an example of which type of joint movement?

A

Flexion/ Extension

73
Q

What type of joint is a symphysis?

A

Cartilaginous (fibrocartilage)

74
Q

What degree of movement does a symphysis joint have?

A

Amphiarthrosis

75
Q

Supination and Pronation

A

specialized rotation at proximal and distal radioulnar joints

76
Q

Opposition

A

specialized movement of hand where thumb touches any finger (“pincher” grasp)

77
Q

Inversion/ Eversion

A

specialized movement of intertarsal joints

78
Q

Inversion

A

weight on lateral side of foot

79
Q

Eversion

A

weight on medial side of foot

80
Q

Elevation

A

moves upward (refers to jaw)

81
Q

Depression

A

moves downward (refers to jaw)

82
Q

Protraction/ Retraction

A

special jaw movement of mandible

83
Q

Opening your mouth to bite into a burger displays what motion?

A

depression

84
Q

What is Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ)?

A

painful condition affecting the TMJ and muscles controlling chewing

85
Q

Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ)

A

-jaw pain/ tenderness
-aching pain around ear
-aching facial pain
-pain with chewing

86
Q

Causes of Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ)

A

-misalignment to articular disk
-arthritic damage to joint cartilage
-trauma

87
Q

Treatments for Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ)

A

-pain relievers
-mouth guards
-oral splints
-physical therapy

88
Q

What is Osteoarthritis?

A

chronic, degenerative joint disease in a specific, targeted area

89
Q

What are the symptoms of Osteoarthritis?

A

-pain
-stiffness
-swelling
-affected joints

90
Q

What are the causes of Osteoarthritis?

A

-genetics
-with injury
-overuse and excess weight (sometimes factors)

91
Q

What are the treatments for Osteoarthritis?

A

physical therapy aimed at long-term management of symptoms, and improving joint range of motion and flexibility

92
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

-a systematic disease
-is the most common autoimmune arthritis

93
Q

What are symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

-warm, swollen joints
-stiffness
-fatigue
-fever
-weight loss

94
Q

What causes Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

-immune system attacks tissues within joints, leading to chronic inflammation

95
Q

What are known treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

-NSAIDs
-Corticosteroid
-Exercise
-disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs

96
Q

What is Nursemaid’s Elbow?

A

separation of the humeroradial joint (typically in children)

97
Q

What are the symptoms of Nursemaid’s Elbow?

A

pain during arm movement

98
Q

What are the causes of Nursemaid’s Elbow?

A

pulling on a child’s arm causes the radial head to slip and ligament to be trapped in between

99
Q

What are the treatments for Nursemaid’s Elbow?

A

maneuvering the radius bac into position through reduction treatment to free the ligament

100
Q

What is Baker’s Cyst?

A

fluid-filled lumps/ swelling behind the knee

101
Q

What are the symptoms of Baker’s Cyst?

A

pain during knee movement/ walking

102
Q

What are the causes of Baker’s Cyst?

A

synovial fluid leaks out of the knee joint due to tear in meniscus or arthritis

103
Q

What are the treatments of Baker’s Cyst?

A

-fluid drainage
-steroid medications
-pain relievers
-rest

104
Q

What is Gout?

A

deposition of urate crystals in joints

105
Q

What are the symptoms of gout?

A

-intense joint pain
-usually sudden and at night
-inflammation and limited range of motion

106
Q

What are the causes of gout?

A

-build-up of uric acid in joint cavities (too much absorbed or too little excreted)

107
Q

What are the treatments of gout?

A

-medications to block uric acid production, increase its excretion and reduce pain

108
Q

What is Sjogren’s Syndrome?

A

autoimmune disease that attacks glands that produce moisture

109
Q

What are the symptoms of Sjogren’s Syndrome?

A

most common are
-dry eye
-dry mouth
-joint pain

110
Q

What are the causes of Sjogren’s Syndrome?

A

the immune system attacks glandular tissue of tears, saliva, mucus, etc.

111
Q

What are the treatments for Sjogren’s Syndrome?

A

-immunosuppressive drugs
-steroids
-medications to stimulate tear/ saliva production

112
Q

What type of arthritis affects joints in a more systematic manner?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

113
Q

Articulation or Joint

A

meeting place of two or more bones

A&P I Lecture and Lab (12 decks)

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