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Abdomen Flashcards

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1
Q

Abdominal areas are divided into:

A

-4 Quadrants
-9 Regions

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2
Q

Regions of the Abdomen

A

Epigastric, R/L Hypochodriac, Umbilical, R/L Lumbar, Suprapubic/hypogastric, R/L Iliac

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3
Q

Common Symptoms: Abdominal

A

Pain, difficulty swallowing, nausea, vomitting, appetite changes, indigestion, bowel movement changes, unexplained fatigue

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4
Q

Xerostomia

A

-Dry mouth
-reduced or absent saliva flow
-can be benign
-can be a medication side effect

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5
Q

Dysphagia

A

-Problems swallowing food or liquid
-Usually caused by: GERD or neurological conditions

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6
Q

Varices

A

Dilated veins in the distal esophagus or proximal stomach
-Cause: Elevated pressure in the portal venous system

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7
Q

Reflux

A

-Regurgitation of gastric content into esophagus
-Risk factors: hiatial herna, obesity, types of food

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8
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Reoccuring discomfort or pain in the upper abdominal area
-Not an actual condition
-Indicates other conditions are occuring

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9
Q

Colic

A

Sharp localized pain that increases, peaks and subsides
-Kidney stone: Renal colic*
-Bowel obstruction
-Sometimes term applied to infants and episodes of crying

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10
Q

Peristalisis

A

Contraction and relaxation of muscle
Often refer to intestinal muscles
May also refer to other “tube

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11
Q

Tenesmus

A

-Feeling the need to pass stools

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12
Q

Constipation Causes

A

Causes include: Lifestyle factors (poor diet, dehydration), conditions (hypothyroidism, IBS, depression)

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13
Q

Fecal Impaction

A

-Lump of dry, hard stool left in the rectum associated with chronic constipation
-Common in the elderly
-Causes: chronic use of laxitives, medications, can have leakage of liquid stool around impaction

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14
Q

Steatorrhea

A

-Prescence of excess fat in feces
-Stool is: Pale/yellow in color, foul smelling, difficult to flush, may be loose
-Conditions associated: Celiac disease, gall bladder disease

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15
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood
-Acute bleeding: Bright red, coffe ground emesis

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16
Q

Melena

A

-Passage of dark-colored, tarry stools
-Caused by upper GI bleeding

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17
Q

Encopresis

A

Involuntary passage of bowel in children 4+

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18
Q

Pruritus

A

Itching, occurs with increased billirubin, may occur before jaundice, can occur with liver and gall bladder onditions

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19
Q

Calculi

A

Stones

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20
Q

Contour Types

A

-Flat, Rounded, Scaphoid, Distended

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21
Q

Scaphoid

A

Severe weight loss
-Seen with debilitating disease

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22
Q

Distention

A

-Protuberance
-Suprapubic bulge: Distended bladder or utuerus

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23
Q

Ascites

A

Excess fluid within the abdomen

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24
Q

Striae

A

Linear marks
-Red/blue: Weight loss

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25
Cullen’s Sign
Bruising around umbilicus
26
Grey Turner’s sign
Flank bruising
27
AAA
Pulsation in the upper midline
28
Hepatic cirrhosis
Dilated veins -Sometimes call caput medusa
29
Bulges, Masses and Herniations: Common Locations
Lower abdominal area (ovarian or uterine tumor)m inguinal area (herniation), diastasis recti (separation of abdominal muscles)
30
Normal Bowel sounds: Amount
5-34 bowel sounds/minute
31
Borborygmi
Loud, prolonged gurgles
32
Hyperactive bowel sounds: Meaning
-Suggest hyperactive peristalisis
33
Hypoactive bowel sounds
Decreased bowel sounds
34
Absence of bowel sounds
-Sign of emergency
35
AAA risk factors
>65 years old, smoking, male, family hx
36
Friction rub
Abnormal: sound heard -Causes liver/splenic enlargement
37
What happens to the veins of the abdomen when there is too much flow
Humming
38
Liver Span
Normal: 6-12cm Abnormal: Suggests liver is enlarged
39
Spleen: Auscultation Findings
-Normal: No sound -Abnormal: Dullness may indicate splenomegaly, solid gastric content or colon content
40
Murphy’s Punch Sign
-Fist Percussion to CVA of the involved side is abnormally tender compared to the other side -Suggests inflammation or obstruction -Pyelonephritis, Kidney stones
41
Types of mass in Abdomen
-Intramural Mass: More prominent/located in wall -Intraabdominal Mass: Mass disappears/Located in abdominal cavity
42
Liver Palpation
-Feeling for the edge of liver -Tenderness=Inflammation -Blunt=Cirrhosis
43
Gall Bladder Palpation
-Positive Murphy’s sign (during inspiration)= Cholecystitis
44
Spleen Palpation
-Normal: 5% of normal adults (thin); Palpable spleen -If palpable: Splenomegaly
45
Rebound tenderness
-Normal: No pain -Abnormal: Peritoneal irritation
46
Rovsings Sign
-Pain at LLQ=Appendicitis -Referred pain to the RLQ
47
McBurney’s Sign
Palpation in the area of appendix
48
Psoas/Obturator Sign
-Normal: no pain -Abnormal: Pain to RLQ (Appendicits)
49
Heel-jar test
-Patient standing on toes -Suddenly drops weight onto heels
50
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
-Symptoms: Repeated abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea or both, tenesmus (urge to go to bathroom) -Causes: Unsure -Exams: Hyperactive/Hypoactive bowel sounds, Distension (bloating/swelling in belly area)
51
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Associations
-Crohns: Chronic Severe diarrhea (distal illeum/colon) -Ulcerative Colitis: Chronic diarrhea w/ blood or pus -Exam: Distension, hyperactive bowel sounds, rebound tenderness
52
Intestinal Obstruction
-Blockage of intestines (doesn’t allow feces to pass) -Can be partial or incomplete -Many causes including hernia -Complications include peritonitis -Life threatening
53
Intestinal Obstruction: Exam
-Increased peristaltic waves -Early/Partial Obstruction: Hyperactive bowel sound/high pitched sounds -Late partial or total obstruction: Hypoactive/absent number of bowel sounds
54
Herniation
-Protrusion of intestinal contents (abdominal weakness) -Acquired or congenital -Complication includes intestinal obstruction
55
Areas of Hernia
Inguinal, Scars, Umbilicus
56
Colon Cancer
-2nd most common malignancy affecting both sexes -May start as benign polyps -Exam: May have occult bleeding -Recommend screen starting at: age 45-50
57
Peritonitis
-Inflammation of peritoneum -Accompanied with abdominal pain -Localized or diffused -Life threatening -Exam: Decreased or absent bowel sounds, muscle rigidity
58
Appendicitis
-Acute condition -Appendix becomes infected or inflammed -Pain located in RLQ (McBurney’s Point) -Other signs: Rosving sign, Psoas sign, Obturator sign
59
Hepatitis
-Inflammation of the Liver -Acute: Caused by virus A,B,C,D,E -Chronic: Hepatitis B and C, alcohol
60
Cirrhosis
-Excessive scarring with the liver -Risk factors: excessive alcohol, other liver diseases -Complications: Liver cancer -Symptoms: Jaudice, pruritis, fatigue
61
Liver Cancer
-Primary: Begins in liver (MC type: Hepatocellular carcinoma) -Secondary: Metastatized to liver from another source (most)
62
Splenomegaly
-Enlargement of the spleen -Symptoms: Kehr’s sign*, fatigue, pain in LUQ -Causes infections, liver disease, anemia -Can rupture
63
Acute Cholecystitis
-Inflammation of gall bladder -Common sx: right shoulder pain* -MC cause: gall stones block cystic duct -Risk factors (5 F’s): Female, Fertile, 40yo, Obesity (Fat), Flatuent -Exam: Positive Murphy’s sign
64
GERD
-Gastrointestinal Reflux Disease -Cardiac sphincter allows stomach contents into esophagus -Sx: 2x/week
65
Peptic Ulcer
-Breakdown in lining of stomach or duodenum -Risk factors: NSAIDS and tobacco -Symptoms: Upper ab pain (at night or eating) -Exam: Tenderness in local area
66
Nephrolithiasis
-Stones within the kidney -MC: Consist of crystals made up of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate -Risk factors: Family history, 40+ yo, Male, dehydration, diet
67
Ureteral Colic (Renal Colic)
Waves of pain caused by kidney stone -Pain is from sudden ureteral distention -Felt in the flank, groin and testicle -Pain moves as the stone moves
68
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
-Bacterial infection of the urinary tract
69
Pyelonephritis
-Kidney infection -Exam: Murphy’s sign (+)
70
Cystitis
Bladder infection -Exam: suprapubic bulge
71
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
-Abnormal dilation of abdominal aorta -MC cause: artherosclerosis -Risk factors: Smoking, hypertension, older age, male, family history -Mostly asymptomatic -Exam: Cullen or Grey Turner sign, visible pulsatoin in midline, bruit, width >3.0cm

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