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PDX > Lung > Flashcards

Lung Flashcards

1
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing

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2
Q

SOB

A

Shortness of breath

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3
Q

Hemopytis

A

Coughing up blood

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4
Q

COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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5
Q

Emphysema

A

-Alveoli are damaged & rupture leading to fewer and larger sac instead of many tiny ones
-Causes SOB & difficulty getting older air out

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6
Q

Symptoms of lung disease

A

-Cough, sputnum, SOB, vocal cord dysfunction, chest pain

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7
Q

Cough

A

-Mechanical or chemical irritation of the trachea or bronchi

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8
Q

Sputum

A

-Diseases of the air passages

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9
Q

Exam findings of Dyspnea & SOB

A

-Use of accessory muscle use, pursed lips, tripod position

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10
Q

Types of Dyspnea

A

-Activity: Dyspnea at rest, exertional dyspnea
-Position: Orthopnea, Paroxsymal nocturnal dyspnea

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11
Q

Other causes of dyspnea

A

Anemia, CO2 poisoning, metabolic dyspnea

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12
Q

Vocal cord dysfunction

A

-Respiratory disorder can cause vocal cord inflammation
-Causes: Smoking, Cold, post nasal drip, acid reflux

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13
Q

Wheezing

A

-High pitched sound, whistling

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14
Q

Pain of the chest

A

-Pain from lung conditions do not originate from lung
-Can be the result of msk issues, pleura, esophageal issues…

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15
Q

Causes of pain in thorax region

A

-Pain from msk issues: Local pain, costochondritis, intercostal sprain/strain, rib fx, cancer of the ribs, vertebrogenic,
-Pain from the pleura: Local catch when moving the pleura, cause is early pleural effusion in pleurisy, common cause of locaal pain in thorax
-Pain from esophalgeal
-Pain from dissecting thoracic aneurysm
-Pain from the heart

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16
Q

Inspection of lungs

A

Fingernails and lips, trachea, chest (thorax) structure, respiration pattern

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17
Q

Cyanosis may suggest

A

interstitial lung disease

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18
Q

Clubbing of nails

A

-Bulbous enlargement of the ends of one or more fingers
-Associated with cardiopulmonary disease

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19
Q

Yellow nails

A

May be result from lung issues, lympodema etc.

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20
Q

Trachea

A

-Static: Positioning
-Abdnormal: Deviates to one side
(IL-atelectasis, CL-mediastinal mass..)

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21
Q

Abnormal chest structures

A

-Thorax: congenital or developed
-Bumps

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22
Q

Chest/thorax shape deformities

A

Congenital: Pectus carianatum, pectus excavatum,
-Developed: Barrel chest

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23
Q

Pectus carinatum

A

Pigeon chest

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24
Q

Pectus excavatum

A

Inward bend

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25
Q

Bumps on ribs

A

Metastasis, fracture callus, benign growths, rachitic rosary

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26
Q

Rachitic rosary

A

Row of beading at the costochondral junction

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27
Q

Normal respiration

A

Eupnea

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28
Q

Eupnea

A

12-20 rpm, unlaboured

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29
Q

Apnea

A

Absence of breathing

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30
Q

Kussmaul breathing

A

-“air hunger”
-Rapid rate, deep depth…

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31
Q

Chyene-Stokes

A

-Alternating rate, rhythm, depth, alternating deep breathing

32
Q

Hippocratic respiration

A

<10 breaths/minute
Referred to as fish mouth breathing
Death is imminent

33
Q

Anxiety attack

A

-May be hyperpnea
-Extremity or oral tingling may be experienced
-Patients or observers may not notice
…

34
Q

Thoracic Retraction

A

-Intercostal muscles are sucked in on inspiration

35
Q

Tracheal palpation and tracheal tug

A

-If the trachea is not in midline, doing the tracheal tug can confirm observations
-Normal: Trachea is midline, no movement or tugging
-Abnormal: Trachea not midline, IL deviation…

36
Q

Lateral chest expansion

A

-Posterior: Place hands along 10th intercostal space; thumbs touching mid spine and fingers along rib angle
-Anterior: Place thumbs together at midline of chest at subcostal margins, keep off chest so the patient can breathe freely

37
Q

Lateral chest expansion findings

A

-Normal: Symmetrical/>2.5 inches excursion
-Abnormal: Asymmetrical/<2.5 inches excursion, restrictive lung disease…

38
Q

Tactile fremitis

A

Vibrations on the chest wall, comparing side to side
-Posterior: Place ulnar edge of hand or MP joints along mid scapular line lung area bilaterally
-Anterior: Place ulnar edge of hand or MP joints along mid-clavicular line

Patient is saying: “99,99,99”/Feel for vibrations

39
Q

Percussion of posterior lungs

A

-Percuss in the intercostal spaces in ladder formation; make sure to percussion lateral aspects
-Listen for normal dull and tympanic sounds

40
Q

Percussion Tones

A

Resonant, Flat, Dull, Tympanic, Hyper resonant

41
Q

Resonant

A

Hollow; Loud intensity, low pitch, long duration

42
Q

Flat

A

Extremely Dull; Soft intensity, high pitch, short duration

43
Q

Dull

A

Thud Like; Medium intensity, medium/high pitch, medium duration

44
Q

Hyper resonant

A

Booming; Very loud, very low, longer

45
Q

Tympanic

A

Drum like; Loud intensity, high pitch, medium duration

46
Q

Auscultation of posterior lung

A

Listen for normal bronchial, bronchovesicular & vesicular sounds
-Determine if adventitius sounds are present/absent
-Perform in ladder format

47
Q

Auscultation of anterior lung

A

-Use bell for apex (exception), everything else diaphragm
-Listen for one full breath cycle at each spot

48
Q

Normal breathing sounds

A

-Bronchial: High pitched tubular or hollow (trachea & bifurcation of disection of louis?)
-Bronchovesicular: Medium intensity and pitch (closer to upper 1/2 chest near sternum)
-Vesicular: Soft and airy, low pitched (most of the lungs)

49
Q

Adventitious lung sounds

A

Fine crackling, coarse crackling, wheezes, rhonchi, stidor, pleural friction rub, mediastinal crunch

50
Q

Fine Crackles

A

High pitched cracking ike a fire place (Inspiration/Expiration)

51
Q

Coarse Crackling

A

Low pitched popping sound like a bubbling or moist quality

52
Q

Wheezes

A

High pitched whistling sound/squeaking, more pronounced on the expiration d/t narrow pathways
-Asthma, chronic bronchitis, COPD, CHF

53
Q

Rhonchi

A

Lower pitched, sounds like a moaning, gurgling or snoring
-COPD, Pneumonia, Chronic bursitis, cystic fibrosis

54
Q

Stridor

A

-Loud, high pitched wheezing/whistling or crowing like sound
-Croup, Epiglossitis

55
Q

Pleural friction rub

A

Cracking or grating sound, low pitched, sounds like walking on fresh snow
-Pleurisy, pneumonia

56
Q

Mediastinal Crunch “Hanman’s sign”

A

-Precordial crackles synchronous with heart beat
-Mediastinal emphysema

57
Q

Vocal Fermitus Tests

A

-Bronchophony: Patient says 99 several times
-Egophony: Patient repeats saying the letter “e”
-Whispered pectoriloguy: Patient whispers repeatedly blue moon
-Abnormal: If the word is muffled, it suggests consolidation

58
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A

Most common lung and airway infection of infants and small children
Can also be seen in adults
-Caused by airborne pathogen
-Inspection: dyspnea, thoracic retraction
-Auscultation: Wheeze crackles
-Special: Cotton swag of the nose, CBC

59
Q

Influenza

A

RNA virus that infects the respiratory tract
-Symptoms: Fever, fatigue, cough, headache, sore throat, nausea
-Inspection: Dynpnea
-Auscultation: Wheezing
-Special tests: Nasal swab, CBC

60
Q

Croup

A

Difficulty breathing with stridor (crowing sounds)
-Typically worse at night
-Lasts 5-6 days
-Inspection: Cyanosis, retractions, tachpnea
-Auscultation: Decreased breath sounds, wheezing
-Special tests: Nasal swab, CBC, neck and chest x-ray

61
Q

Reactive airway disease (RAD)

A

-Bronchi overreact to irritant & spasms
-Irritants: like pollen, exercise, stress
-Describes a set of sx to indicate pe…

62
Q

Asthma

A

-A reactive airway disease
-Inspection: Accessory muscle use, tachypnea, prolonged expiration
-Palpation: Decreased respiratory movements, decreased tactile fremitus
-Percussion: Normal
-Auscultation: Wheezing, possible crackles

63
Q

Bronchitis

A

Upper respiratory tract infection
-Sx include: Cough w/ mucus, GREEN sputum is classic
-Inspection: Normal to rapid breathing, coughing, prolonged expiration
-Palpation: Possible wheezing vibration or tactile fremitius
-Percussion: Normal
-Auscultation: crackles, wheezing, rhonchi

64
Q

COPD

A

-Group of progressive lung diseases
-Inhaled toxins causes inflammatory response
-Patient cannot breathe out air fully

65
Q

Exam Findings for COPD

A

-Inspection: Barrel chest, accessory muscle use
-Palpation: Decreased respiratory movements
-Percussion: Hyperresonance
-Auscultation: none, or the crackles, wheezes & rhonchi
associated with chronic bronchitis

66
Q

Blue bloaters

A

Person looks blue and overweight
-Sx: SOB, chronic cough
-Coexsisting cardiovascular conditions
-Now recognized as chronic bronchitis

67
Q

Pink puffers

A

Person looks pink, is thin and breathing fast
-Sx: pursed lips, barrel chested, SOB
-Now recognized as severe emphysema

68
Q

Pneumothorax

A

-Presence of air or gas in pleural cavity
-May occur spontaneously
-May occur with penetrating trauma
-May accompany other lung pathology

69
Q

Pneumothorax exam findings

A

-Inspection: Trachea shifts to opposite side, dyspnea
-Palpation: Tracheal deviation, decreased tactile fremitus
-Percussion: Hyperresonant on the involved side
-Auscultation: Absence of normal sounds over the collapsed area

70
Q

Pneumonia

A

-Inflammation of the lung parenchyma
-Most cases are due to infection by bacteria or viruses
-Distribution may be lobar, segmental or lobular
-Can be partial/complete

71
Q

Partial consolidation

A

-Inspection: Tachypnea, cough
-Palpation: normal or minor asymmetry of motion
-Percussion: Hyperesonant to dull over the consolidated area
-Auscultation: Crackles over the vesicular areas, rhonchi over the tubes

72
Q

Complete consolidation: Lung Findings

A

-Inspection: Tachypnea, cough
-Palpation: Symmetry of motion, increased tactile fremitus over the consolidated area
-Percussion: Dullness in the area involved
-Auscultation: Loss of vesicular sounds, increased vocal fremitus

73
Q

Pleural effusion

A

-Excess fluid in the pleural cavity due to another condition
-Causes: congestive heart failure, pneumonia
-Common sx: Chest pain and dypnea

74
Q

Pleural effusion exam findings

A

-Inspection: Accessory muscle use, dyspnea, prolonged expiration, trachea deviation
-Palpation: Trachea deviation, opposite side of effusion, asymmetry of chest motion, decreased tactile fremitus
-Percussion: Dullness
-Auscultation: Pleural rub, loss of vesicular sounds, increased vocal fremitus

75
Q

Lung cancer

A

-Asymptomatic to a variety of symptoms
-A chronic cough is common
-May cough up blood (hemoptysis)

76
Q

Lung Cancer exam findings

A

-Inspection: Deviated trachea, retraction signs
-Palpation: Deviated trachea
-Percussion: Dullness in areas
-Auscultation: Altered sounds-may include crackles, wheezes

PDX (13 decks)

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