Abnormal Psychology DSM 5 Flashcards

Question

What are the clinically significant symptoms of PTSD that one experiences for at least 1 mo ?

Answer 1

intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations of cognition and mood and alterations in arousal and reactivity.

Answer 2

animal, natural environment (heights, storms), blood-injection-injury, situational and other (loud noises, costumed characters)

Answer 3

Biological factors- abnormal levels of serotonin, norepinephrine and GABA cognitive factors Classical Conditioning. Mower's two factor theory: avoidance conditioning (classical and operant conditioning) learn to fear a neutral stimulus (conditioned) stimulus (loud noise and bunny) because it is paired with an intrinsically fear-arousing stimulus and avoidance is negatively reinforcing because it eliminates anxiety

Answer 4

PTSD requires the presence of symptoms from each of 5 symptoms clusters: intrusion symptoms(re-experiencing, dissociation ect.) avoidance symptoms, negative alterations in cognition and mood and arousal. ASD can have at least 9 of 14 symptoms meaning that one person could have all 4 intrusion symptoms while another might have one. Duration PTSD persists at least 1 mo after the external event and ASD lasting no more that 1 mo.

Answer 5

Disinhibited social engagement disorder Preschool aged child with dangerous behaviors that related primarily to excess physical familiarity with strangers= risk for predation trouble regulating her proximity to other people- going too far away from her mother and getting too close to stranger. 2 symptoms are required out of 4 core symptoms -reduced or absent reticence in approaching and interacting with unfamiliar adults: overly familiar behavior; diminished or absent checking back with an adult caregiver after venturing away. and willingness to go off with an unfamiliar adult with minimal or no hesitation. developmental age of at least 9 mo Child with this disorder can approach caregivers when stressed or hurt. Comorbid ADHD is common but DSED is specific to relationships.

Answer 6

Betheny- no diagnosis Charles - Acute Stress disorder Normal response to traumatic event- transient reactions will resolve within 2 to 3 days. Normal response usually presents with emotional reaction- shock, fear, grief, resentment. guilt. shame. helplessness, hopelessness and numbing Cognitive reactions: confusion, disorientation, dissociation, indecisiveness, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, self blame and unwanted memories physical reactions-tension, fatigue, insomnia, startle, racing pulse, nausea. loss of appetite. Interpersonal reaction Acute is more intense and occur during the month after the event. - minimum of 9 of 14 symptoms spread across 5 categories. When evaluated individually symptoms may look like, Panic, anxiety, depression, dissociation, and intrusive, obsessional thoughts,

Answer 7

Dissociative Amnesia The core symptom of Dissociative Amnesia involves memory loss for periods that extend well beyond the actual trauma. Ex. Sexual abuse with a 6 year memory deficit.

Answer 8

-Stage 2 (2 to 10 years) Severe impairments in recent and remote memory. Fluent aphasia indifference or irritability (flat labile mood, restlessness and agitation, acalculia, ideomotor apraxia, (inability to translate a idea to movement, delusions) - Stage 1 ( anterograde: declarative) Deficits in new learning with remote memory mildly to moderately impaired, anomia, sadness, deficits in visuospatial (wandering) indifference, irritability.

Answer 9

Alzheimer's stage 3 severe neuron loss and the presence of an amyloid-predominant neuritic plaques and tau-predominant neurofibrillary tangles esp. in the-- =medial temporal structures (amygdala, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex) responsible for memory, navigation and the perception of time/ main interface between the hippocampus and neocortex; which system plays an important role in declarative memories particularly spatial including memory formation, consolidation and memory optimization in sleep hippocampus) --abnormal levels of Ach which is involved in memories. ---

Answer 10

Yes. abnormalities in the chromosome 1,14,21 which is linked to familial type early onset and abnormalities on the ApogeneE4 on chromosome 19 indicating later onset

Answer 11

lower level of education, adult onset (type 2) diabetes, depression, traumatic brain injury, down syndrome

Answer 12

Panic Disorder | interception (sense of the internal state of the body

Answer 13

Fears are originally acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant. Why? The first part of a two-stage theory for acquiring and maintaining fear and avoidance behavior posits that an otherwise neutral event acquires the capacity to provoke fear because of its pairing with an aversive experience, much as a dog phobia might develop from being bitten (Dollard & Miller, 1950; Mowrer, 1960). In the second stage of the two-factor model, any actions (escape or avoidance behavior, compulsions) that relieve obsessive anxiety/ discomfort are negatively reinforced because they result in reduction of discomfort. Their demonstrated ability to terminate unpleasant experiences renders them very likely to be repeated in future situations

Answer 14

illness anxiety is a preoccupation with having a serious illness (family has cancer fear that they have cancer) when you don't (6 mo health checks that suggest no illness; symptoms need to persist for at least 6 m.) and having high anxiety about one's health and perform excessive health related behaviors (care seeking or care-avoidant type). (minimal if any concern over somatic symptoms) Somatic symptom: presence of a somatic symptom Factitious disorder Malingering Supportive therapy and therapeutic relationship.

Answer 15

reduced stage 3 and stage 4 sleep (slow wave sleep/delta) decreased slow wave (non-REM) sleep, decreased REM latency (define: the state of existing but not yet fully developed) ( earlier onset of REM/ 30 to 60 mins after falling asleep instead of 90 mins) and decreased sleep continuity, decreased REM sleep early in the night.

Answer 16

schizoid personality disorder: a lack of desire for interpersonal relationships and restricted range of emotional expression in social settings, doesn't desire or enjoy close relationships. chooses solidarity, little interest in sexual relationships lack close friends except close relatives, indifferent to praise or criticism, exhibits emotional coldness.

Answer 17

either treatment alone is associated to decrease intellectual ability and academic achievement

Answer 18

OCD caudate nucleus is part of the basal ganglia which is involved in movement, and the orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex are involved in emotional reactions. drug and behavioral treatments lower activity in these areas,

Answer 19

nicotine replacement therapy and support from a clinician and skills training that focuses on avoiding and dealing with relapse.

Answer 20

Binge eating and recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors (purging, diuretic use, excessive exercise that occur 1 time a wk) for at least 3M

Answer 21

Anorexia- restriction of energy that leads to low body weight; intense fear of getting fat, disturbance in how one experiences body weight or lack of recognition of the seriousness of weight loss. Bulimia is a binge with a lack of control and compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain. self evaluation that is influenced by body shape and weight -Anxiety ( Social phobia OCD)

Answer 22

That is an effective treatment for this disorder and is as effect as antidepressants for reducing symptoms.

Answer 23

A diagnosis of Conversion Disorder requires the presence of symptoms that involve a disturbance in voluntary motor or sensory functioning and suggest a serious neurological or other medical condition with evidence that the symptoms are incompatible with recognized neurological and medical conditions.

Answer 24

-Stern considered the difficulties experienced by the borderline patient to be secondary to narcissism and viewed narcissism as arising from a serious disturbance in the early mother-child relationship. (Note that other psychoanalytically-oriented theorists have identified other factors as being primary: Kernberg, for example, emphasizes the role of excessive aggression.) - Object Relations: Mahler: fixation in the reapproachement phase of separation-individuation--need for separation with overwhelming fear of abandonment - Kerberg: adverse, unpredictable caregiver-child interactions that alternate between rejection and smothering, that produce an insecure ego, that relies on primitives defenses-splitting-all good and all bad - Linehan's biosocial model: emotional dysregulation as the core. -excessive emotional vulnerability, inability to modulate strong emotions, end exposure to invalidating environment.

Answer 25

A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following: Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. (Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.) A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation. Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self. (here may be an identity disturbance characterized by markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self (Criterion 3). There are sudden and dramatic shifts in self-image, characterized by shifting goals, values, and vocational aspirations. There may be sudden changes in opinions and plans about career, sexual identity, values, and types of friends. These individuals may suddenly change from the role of a needy supplicant for help to that of a righteous avenger of past mistreatment.) Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating). (Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.) Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior. Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days). (Individuals with borderline personality disorder may display affective instability that is due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days) Chronic feelings of emptiness. (boredom) Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights). Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms. -onset: 19 through 34 most severe in young adult. impulsive symptoms resolve in 40 (75%) affective most chronic and cognitive and interpersonal were intermediately resolved.

Answer 26

An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas: Cognition (i.e., ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events). Affectivity (i.e., the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response). Interpersonal functioning. Impulse control. The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations. The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood. The enduring pattern is not better explained as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder. The enduring pattern is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (e.g., head trauma).

Answer 27

review of the research that there is sufficient empirical evidence to indicate that PD should not be provided to individuals immediately after a trauma. The studies they reviewed showed that one-session PD is not effective and, in some cases, actually increases the likelihood of PTSD symptoms: Cognitive Incident stress debriefing: within 72 hours, whether or not they show symptoms and is long-bad. - Comprehensive Cognitive behavioral intervention- incorporates exposure, cognitive restructuring, and anxiety management - SSRI to reduce depressive symptoms and anxiety

Answer 28

For people with the blood-injection-injury type, feared stimuli produce an initial increase in heart rate and blood pressure, which is immediately followed by a drop in both and fainting. In contrast, people with other types of Specific Phobia experience only an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Because of the physiological response associated with the blood-injection-injury type, treatment involves tensing (rather than relaxing) muscles in the presence of feared stimuli. - relaxation techniques are contraindicated

Answer 29

An illusion is a misperception of reality (e.g., misperceiving a coffee mug as a rodent). Answer B is incorrect: A delusion is a false belief about reality that is firmly held regardless of evidence to the contrary. Answer C is incorrect: While an illusion is elicited by an actual stimulus, an hallucination is a sensory perception in the absence of an external stimulus

Answer 30

-when severe enough and involves delusions, and suicidal ideation or have not responded to antidepressants. - Temporary anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confusion, and disorientation - this can be reduced by administering ECT unilaterally to the right (nondominant) hemisphere - less retrograde amnesia but also less anterograde amnesia for verbal and nonverbal tasks.

Answer 31

Hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech (Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders include schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and schizotypal (personality) disorder. They are defined by abnormalities in one or more of the following five domains: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia), and negative symptoms. Avolition- reduced drive to pursue goal-directed behavio) Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one of these must be (1), (2), or (3): Delusions. Hallucinations. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence). Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or avolition). For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, level of functioning in one or more major areas, such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care, is markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset (or when the onset is in childhood or adolescence, there is failure to achieve expected level of interpersonal, academic, or occupational functioning). Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months. This 6-month period must include at least 1 month of symptoms (or less if successfully treated) that meet Criterion A (i.e., active-phase symptoms) and may include periods of prodromal or residual symptoms. During these prodromal or residual periods, the signs of the disturbance may be manifested by only negative symptoms or by two or more symptoms listed in Criterion A present in an attenuated form (e.g., odd beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences). Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out because either 1) no major depressive or manic episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms, or 2) if mood episodes have occurred during active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a minority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition. If there is a history of autism spectrum disorder or a communication disorder of childhood onset, the additional diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations, in addition to the other required symptoms of schizophrenia, are also present for at least 1 month (or less if successfully treated).

Answer 32

Hyperactivity typically decreases in adolescence, while impulsivity (especially verbal and emotional impulsivity) and inattention continue. In addition, during adolescence, ADHD is often masked by other problems such as oppositionality, learning difficulties, low self-esteem, and deficits in social skills. -- Faraone and colleagues concluded that the rate of persistence of ADHD into adulthood depends on how persistence is defined. The results of their meta-analysis indicated that about 15% of children with ADHD continue to meet the full diagnostic criteria for the disorder in early adulthood and that between 40 and 60% meet the criteria for ADHD in partial remission.

Answer 33

Individuals with schizophrenia may display inappropriate affect (e.g., laughing in the absence of an appropriate stimulus); a dysphoric mood that can take the form of depression, anxiety, or anger; a disturbed sleep pattern (e.g., daytime sleeping and nighttime activity); and a lack of interest in eating or food refusal. -Depersonalization, derealization, and somatic concerns may occur and sometimes reach delusional proportions. -Anxiety and phobias are common(Tandon et al. 2009). -Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are common and are strongly linked to vocational and functional impairments. These deficits can include decrements in declarative memory, working memory, language function, and other executive functions, as well as slower processing speed(Mesholam-Gately et al. 2009). -Abnormalities in sensory processing and inhibitory capacity, as well as reductions in attention, are also found. -Some individuals with schizophrenia show social cognition deficits, including deficits in the ability to infer the intentions of other people (theory of mind)(Bora et al. 2009), and may attend to and then interpret irrelevant events or stimuli as meaningful, perhaps leading to the generation of explanatory delusions. These impairments frequently persist during symptomatic remission. Some individuals with psychosis may lack insight or awareness of their disorder (i.e., anosognosia). This lack of “insight” includes unawareness of symptoms of schizophrenia and may be present throughout the entire course of the illness -The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia appears to be approximately 0.3%–0.7%. -The sex ratio differs across samples and populations: for example, an emphasis on negative symptoms and longer duration of disorder (associated with poorer outcome) shows higher incidence in males whereas definitions allowing for the inclusion of more mood symptoms and brief presentations (associated with better outcome) show equivalent risks for both sexes

Answer 34

Hallucinations and delusions as symptoms of depression and other disorders. acute onset, shorter clinical course, complete remission.

Answer 35

good premorbid adjustment, acute and late onset, female, presence of precipitating event, brief active phase, insight, family history of mood, no family history of schiz. Psychotic symptoms tend to diminish over the life course, perhaps in association with normal age-related declines in dopamine activity (dopamine hypothesis: elevated levels of dopamine) Negative symptoms are more closely related to a poor prognosis than are positive symptoms and tend to be the most persistent. Furthermore, cognitive deficits associated with the illness may not improve over the course of the illness possibility due to hypofrontal land lower than normal activities in the prefrontal cortex Enlarged Ventricles is the most common

Answer 36

Identical (mon) twins 48% Child or two parents with D/O 46% Fraternal twins 17% Biological siblings 10%

Answer 37

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is considered the most effective treatment for Bulimia Nervosa. However, several experts have suggested that the effectiveness of a traditional approach to CBT is improved if it includes a greater focus on other issues such as emotional responding and interpersonal relationships. Fairburn's CBT-E incorporates interventions that target perfectionism, low self-esteem, interpersonal factors, and emotional factors. - Triggers are interpersonal stress and dysphoric mood. - recurrent episodes of binge eating accompanied by a lack of control, inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain, self evaluation that is influenced by body weight and shape, binge eating and compensatory behaviors have to occur at least 1/week for 3 Months

Answer 38

Goal dysregulation and reward sensitivity distinct period of abnormality and persistent elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal directed activity or energy. Must Last for At Least 1 WEEK include: inflated self esteem, or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness, and flight of ideas. Marked impairment and requires hospitalization. 15 times 0.6%, Male to female 1:1.1 Age 18, 90% experience another. .67 to 1.0 mono twins and .2 dizygotic Treatments: Lithium "classic" Antiseizure: Carbamazepine or divalproex - rapid cycling/dysphoria SSRI not Tricyclic- be careful you don't trigger mania Psychosocial interventions, CBT, family focused treatment, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy.

Answer 39

In the DSM-5 now called Substance Use Disorder (direct activation of the brain reward system) 2 symptoms for 12 months 10 classes: Alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, phencyclidine and other hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, hypnotics or anxiolytics -Impaired control: unsuccessful effort to cutdown or control use, great deal of time finding and recovering from the substance, craving. -Social Impairments: failure to fulfill role obligations, recurrent use despite social problems, and important activities are given up. -Risky use -Pharmacological criteria-tolerance need increase, withdrawal

Answer 40

-Alcohol Intoxication involves maladaptive behavioral and psychological changes with at least one characteristic symptom (e.g., slurred speech; unsteady gait; nystagmus; impaired attention or memory). - Alcohol Withdrawal (Delirium) as involving the development of at least two characteristic symptoms within several hours to a few days following cessation or reduction of alcohol consumption (e.g., autonomic hyperactivity, hand tremor, insomnia, transient illusions or hallucinations, seizures) - Alcohol-induced Major Neurocognitive Disorder significant decline in one or more cognitive domains that interferes with independence in everyday activities.-- Korsakoff Syndrome: anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation, thiamine deficiency - Alcohol-induced Sleep Disorder: intoxication-immediate sedation, increased 3 and 4 and reduced REM followed by increase wakefulness, increased REM and anxiety arousing dreams, Withdrawal- vivid dreams, severe disruption.

Answer 41

a higher dose is required when treating OCD than when treating depression

Answer 42

Oppositional Definite Disorder: recurrent pattern of angry irritable mood, argumentative, defiant behavior or vindictiveness' as evident be at least 4 characteristics that is exhibited during an interaction with at least one person who is not a sibling: loses temper, argues with authority actively refuses to comply with authority, blames others- persist for 6 months and distress others. 4 symptoms for 6 months The DSM-5 diagnosis of Intermittent Explosive Disorder requires recurrent behavioral outbursts that reflect a failure to control aggressive impulses as manifested by either verbal aggression or physical aggression toward property, animals, or other people that does not result in destruction or injury or behavioral outbursts that do result in destruction of property or injury of people or animals. not premeditated, can not diagnose before 6 occurs 2/week and has persisted for at least 3 months (verbal aggression) : with damage or destruction of property and/or physical assault that injured a person/animal within 12M (physical aggression) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder: Temper outbursts manifested verbally or behaviorally-aggression towards people/property, that are grossly out of proportion, -chronic persistent irritable mood, 12 month- 3 times a week can not diagnose before 6 or after 18. age of onset must be before 10yrs. (12M. 3/WK) ODD- pattern of angry irritable mood with behavior Intermittent Explosive: incontrollable angry outbursts Disruptive mood: more severe tantrums and negative mood state

Answer 43

The loss of memory for personal information limited to a circumscribed period of time is referred to as localized amnesia. Selective amnesia refers to a loss of memory for some, but not all, events during a circumscribed period. Anterograde amnesia is a general term that refers to the inability to form new memories and does not refer specifically to memory loss associated with Dissociative Amnesia Retrograde amnesia refers to a loss of memory for information already stored in long-term memory.

Answer 44

-Conger: reducing tension and is based on negative reinforcement (drinking at a party to reduce anxiety) - Marlatt and Gordan: addiction is an overlearned maladaptive habit pattern and are acquired - Biopsychosocial models: initiation, maintenance, and progression as involving an interaction between physical, psychological, and sociocultural. CBT_contingency management, motivational interviewing, relapse prevention training, family and couples, 12-step, Medication: naltrexone or disulfiram, Tobacco: antidepressant Bupropion -anxiety, depression, frustration or negative emotion. Further relapse- abstinence violation effect that involves self-blame and guilt

Answer 45

Males, age 35, educated, come from a non smoking house, have strict no smoking policies at work, are married or live with a partner, started smoking at a later age, abstained from smoking for longer than 5 days on previous attempts to quit. 1- nicotine replacement therapy 2- behavioral therapy 3- support irritability and anger, anxiety impaired concentration increased appetite, restlessness, depressed mood, insomnia.

Answer 46

Panic Attack, Panic Disorder

Answer 47

Hoarding is ego-syntonic for people with Hoarding Disorder - i.e., they consider their behaviors normal (for them) and are not particularly disturbed by their hoarding. For people with OCD, symptoms are ego-dystonic and experienced as disturbing and unacceptable. Ego-syntonic refers to instincts or ideas that are acceptable to the self; that are compatible with one's values and ways of thinking. They are consistent with one's fundamental personality and beliefs. Ego-dystonic (distress) refers to thoughts, impulses, and behaviors that are felt to be repugnant, distressing, unacceptable or inconsistent with one's self-concept.

Answer 48

The effects of having a companion in anxiety-arousing situations can help distinguish the two disorders. In Agoraphobia, the presence of a trusted companion often alleviates anxiety. In Social Anxiety Disorder, a companion can actually increase anxiety. Fear of humiliation or embarrassment in social situations is characteristic of both disorders (although the fear is not necessarily limited to social situations in Agoraphobia).

Answer 49

Prenatal viral infection and lack of oxygen to the fetus

Answer 50

Avoidant Personality Disorder, which entails sensitivity to criticism, avoidance of social activities, embarrassment, and distress at the inability to form close personal relationships.

Answer 51

The term co-dependent was originally applied to people who are emotionally involved with alcoholics, but is now more widely used to refer to people who support any addiction of another person. Definitions of co-dependence vary from author to author, but this description comes closest to most currently accepted definitions. Co-dependents overtly or covertly support, and thereby help maintain, the addiction of another person.

Answer 52

external, unstable, and specific (high-risk) factors than when he/she attributes it to internal, stable, and global factors.

Answer 53

ADHD and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders being particularly common. The obsessive-compulsive symptoms observed in tic disorder tend to be characterized by more aggressive symmetry and order symptoms and poorer response to pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Children with ADHD may demonstrate disruptive behavior, social immaturity, and learning difficulties that may interfere with academic progress and interpersonal relationships and lead to greater impairment than that caused by a tic disorder. Individuals with tic disorders can also have other movement disorders and other mental disorders, such as depressive, bipolar, or substance use disorders.

Answer 54

3, 3: Insomnia Disorder

Answer 55

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea -Treatment: continuous positive airway pressure -oral treatment for mild tracheostomy for severe

Answer 56

3 Months cataplexy: In most cases, an episode of cataplexy is triggered by anger, surprise, laughter, or other strong emotion. Full consciousness and people may try to prevent sleep attacks by controlling their emotions.

Answer 57

Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear. It can cause hearing loss and speech and language problems and has been linked to reading and other learning disorders.

Answer 58

Dissociative Amnesia is characterized by an inability to recall important personal information that is often related to a traumatic event. Dissociative Amnesia involves gaps in the recall of aspects of the individual's past, often aspects related to a traumatic event or severe stressor.

Answer 59

The DSM-5 diagnosis of Agoraphobia requires that the individual experiences marked fear or anxiety in at least two (2) of the following situations: using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed spaces, standing in line or being part of a crowd, and being outside the home alone. In addition, the individual must fear or avoid these situations due to a concern that escape might be difficult or help will be unavailable in case he or she develops panic-like, incapacitating, or embarrassing symptoms. - Specific phobia: situational type - Social anxiety

Answer 60

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6 months - feeling keyed up or on edge, fatigue, difficulty concentrating irritability, muscle tension and sleep disturbance, Children at least one

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Answer 61

Tobacco Opioid Withdrawal Stimulant Withdrawal Phencyclidine use is not associated with a withdrawal syndrome.

Answer 62

Lithium is ordinarily the first-line drug treatment for Bipolar I Disorder. However, when an individual is lithium intolerant or has symptoms that are non-responsive to lithium, an anticonvulsant drug (e.g., carbamazepine, valproic acid, gabapentin) is often prescribed. Propranolol is a beta-blocker and is used to treat hypertension, angina, and other cardiovascular disorders and to alleviate the physical symptoms of anxiety. Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine and is used to treat anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and chronic insomnia. Donepezil is a cholinesterase inhibitor that is used to treat cognitive impairment experienced by individuals with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Answer 63

Children with a learning disorder often have a co-diagnosis of ADHD, Tourette's Disorder, and/or a mood disorder. The studies have found that the most common co-diagnosis is ADHD, with about 20 to 30% of children with a learning disorder also receiving a diagnosis of ADHD.

Answer 64

Grandiosity involves an exaggerated sense of self-importance. It is characteristic of three of the four disorders listed in the answers to this question. -Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterized by restricted emotional experience and expression. Pervasive pattern of detachment form interpersonal relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in social settings. -- doesn't desire or enjoy close relationships. prefers solitary activities, has little interest in sexual relationships, takes pleasure in few activities, lack close friendships other than first degree relatives, seems indifferent to praise or criticism exhibits emotional coldness or detachment.

prefer spending time alone and are looked at as "loners" prefer mechanical or abstract tasks such as computer or mathematical games Usually a reduced experience of pleasure from sensory, bodily or interpersonal pleasures such as walking on the beach. Have no friends except possible first-degree relatives. Are indifferent to criticism of others and do not care what others think. oblivious to normal subtleties of social interactions and do not respond appropriately to social cues. may seem socially inept, , superficial, or self absorbed. Have a bland exterior and do not reciprocate gestures of facial expressions such as smiles. do not experience strong emotions and often display a constricted affect and appear cold and aloof. Most often cooccur with schizotypal, paranoid, and avoidant personality D/O

Answer 65

Habit reversal combines three strategies - awareness training, regulated breathing, and social support. It is used to treat stuttering, tics, and nervous habits

Answer 66

Some brain imagining studies have linked hypofrontality (decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex) to the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia and suggest that this link is most likely to be found in patients with chronic Schizophrenia.

Answer 67

Obsession- persistent thoughts, impulses or images that is experienced as intrusive and unwanted and that he/she attempts to ignore. Compulsions: repetitive, deliberate behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform either in response to an obsession or rigid rules. Caused by low levels of serotonin, reduced activity in the right caudate nucleus (converts sensory input into actions and cognitive and appears to be overactive) and orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex-mediates emotional reactions. In adults, the gender ratio for this disorder is about equal. However, in children, it is more common in boys than in girls because the average age of onset is earlier for males than for females.

Answer 68

The gender ratio for Major Depressive Disorder is related to age: In adolescents and adults, the disorder is more common in females than in males but, in prepubertal children, the rates are about equal for boys and girls.

Answer 69

diathesis-stress model reflects a biopsychosocial perspective and conceptualizes disorders as the result of a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental (social) factors. More specifically, it proposes that disorders are due to a combination of predispositional factors (the diathesis) and exposure to certain life stressors.

Answer 70

The SORC model is used by cognitive-behavioral therapists as the framework for assessment. Use of this model involves considering the situation in which the problem occurs (S); the observations (thoughts, assumptions, and beliefs) made by the client in response to the situation (O); the client's emotional, psychological, and behavioral responses to his/her observations (R); and the consequences of those responses (C).

Answer 71

According to the DSM, Alcohol-Induced Sleep Disorder is usually of the insomnia type. Although alcohol initially produces sleepiness, this is followed by insomnia, restless sleep, and increased REM sleep, often with vivid, anxiety-laden dreams.

Answer 72

Compensatory behavior is a diagnostic criterion for Bulimia Nervosa but not for Binge Eating Disorder and, therefore, differentiates the two disorders. Binges can be severe in both disorders and, therefore, is not a distinguishing characteristic. The disturbance in body image associated with Bulimia Nervosa involves an excessive emphasis on body shape and weight in self-evaluation. A sense of a lack of control is characteristic of both disorders. Anorexia: Low weight Bulimia prevent weight gain; when weight returns to normal and there is still compensatory behaviors- change diagnosis to Bulimia

Answer 73

DBT was developed as a treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder and explicitly targets parasuicidal behaviors, a common feature of this disorder. For example, skills training is one component of DBT and includes teaching the client strategies to help regulate his/her emotions and better tolerate distress, which decreases the likelihood of parasuicidal behaviors. As its name implies, stress inoculation training focuses on helping individuals acquire the skills they need to deal more effectively with stress. Self-control therapy is a behavioral intervention that is used primarily to reverse undesirable habits (e.g., overeating, smoking) and has also been found to be an effective treatment for depression. Self-control therapies are strategies for teaching people skills and techniques for controlling their own behavior when striving to achieve long-term goals. It is usually assumed that people employ self-control strategies implicitly in their efforts to change behavior, such as when starting a diet or exercise program or attempting to quit smoking. Self-control therapies attempt to teach these strategies in an explicit way. A number of self-control models are used as the basis for self-control theories. One example is the self management therapy (SMT) program for depression developed by the author

Answer 74

About 50% of people with Tourette's Disorder who take Haloperidol or similar drugs develop intolerable side effects. Antipsychotic drugs are effective in about 80% of cases of Tourette's Disorder. Antipsychotic drugs are useful for alleviating tics in most cases. can be problematic in many cases because of the severe side effects of these drugs

Answer 75

more strongly

Answer 76

The diagnosis of Brief Psychotic Disorder requires the presence of ONE or more of four characteristic symptoms with at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech and with symptoms being present for at least one day but less than one month. Symptoms often develop after exposure to an overwhelming stressor but this is not required for the diagnosis. A diagnosis of Schizophrenia requires the presence of at least TWO active-phase symptoms for at least one month with at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech plus continuous signs of the disorder for at least SIX months. Schizophreniform Disorder has symptoms that are similar to those of Schizophrenia but with a duration between one and six months. : Schizoaffective Disorder is the appropriate diagnosis when the individual has a history of concurrent symptoms of Schizophrenia and a manic or major depressive episode with at least two weeks without prominent mood symptoms.

Answer 77

These symptoms are characteristic of Phencyclidine Intoxication. These symptoms are characteristic of Inhalant Intoxication. Symptoms of Stimulant Intoxication include tachycardia or bradycardia, pupillary dilation, elevated or lowered blood pressure, perspiration or chills, nausea or vomiting, weight loss, psychomotor agitation or retardation, muscular weakness, respiratory depression or cardiac arrhythmias, confusion, seizures, and coma. These are symptoms of Stimulant Withdrawal, not Stimulant Intoxication.

Answer 78

Alzheimer's disease. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Schizophrenia Alzheimer's disease

Answer 79

Stage 0.5 is characterized by minimal or equivocal signs of impairment with no deficits in work or activities of daily living. a person in Stage 1 has unequivocal evidence of functional, intellectual, or motor impairment but is able to perform all but the most demanding aspects of activities of daily living and can walk without assistance A person in Stage 2 cannot work or perform demanding activities of daily living and may require assistance when walking. A person in Stage 3 has significant intellectual impairments and cannot walk unassisted

Answer 80

Common withdrawal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal and muscle cramps, runny nose and eyes, chills, and insomnia. (flu-like symptoms). syndrome associated with morphine and other opioids Rebound anxiety and rebound insomnia are associated with withdrawal from a benzodiazepine. ("Rebound" occurs when the initial symptom - i.e., the symptom for which the drug was prescribed - returns in a more severe form when the drug is withdrawn.) Delirium tremens (confusion and visual hallucinations) are severe symptoms that may result from abrupt withdrawal from alcohol.

Answer 81

Anxiety and negative emotions According to J. J. Conger, people drink to alleviate anxiety, fear, and other negative emotions and are reinforced for doing so because alcohol does, in fact, reduce tension (Reinforcement theory and the dynamics of alcoholism, Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 17, 296-306, 1956).

Answer 82

The rates of OCD for males and females are about equal among adolescents and adults. However, because the onset of the disorder is earlier for males than for females, OCD is more prevalent among male children than female children. 8 to 12.

Answer 83

Estimates vary but most studies indicate that between 65 and 80% of children who receive a diagnosis of ADHD continue to exhibit symptoms that meet the criteria for the diagnosis in adolescence.

Answer 84

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is characterized by a pattern of social and interpersonal deficits involving acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships and eccentricities in cognition, perception and behavior. Individuals with Schizotypal Personality Disorder may express unhappiness with their lack of relationships but don't pursue friendships because of their discomfort around other people and belief that they are different from others. Schizoid

Answer 85

: SSRIs (e.g., dapoxetine) are currently used to treat premature ejaculation.

Answer 86

there is no marked impairment in social or occupational functioning.

Answer 87

Subtypes of the delusional Disorder include: Erotomaniac type: delusion that another person is in love with the individual Grandiose: having some great talent, insight or discovery Jealous: spouse, lover is unfaithful Persecutory: spied on, cheated, conspired against, harassed, drugged, maliciously malign or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals, --- no delusion of referent: no specific subtype of Delusional Disorder is provided in the DSM for delusions of reference, and a person with this kind of delusion would be assigned the unspecified subtype. Duration: 1 M or longer Hallucinations are related to the delusional theme: sensation of being infested with insects)

Answer 88

1. Stimulant Withdrawal. 2. Tobacco Withdrawal 3. Opioid Withdrawal

Answer 89

For a DSM diagnosis of Panic Disorder, the individual must have had two or more unexpected panic attacks.

Answer 90

Body Dysmorphic Disorder Illness Anxiety 3. Somatic Symptom

Answer 91

Beck Seligman's

Answer 92

Shaping and discrimination training Lovaas's method for teaching nonspeaking children to talk combined modeling, shaping, and discrimination training. Modeling and shaping were used to gradually teach a child to say a word or simple sentence, and discrimination training was then used to teach the child when to use the word or sentence.

Answer 93

EEG abnormalities during sleep are experienced by 40 to 60% of outpatients experiencing a major depressive episode (APA, 2000) and include decreased REM latency (i.e., an earlier onset of REM sleep). People with Major Depressive Disorder often experience decreased slow-wave sleep, increased duration of REM sleep early in the sleep period, and increased REM density (increased frequency of rapid eye movements during REM sleep). (MDD-2Wk duration)

Answer 94

Moffitt (1993) distinguishes between two types of Conduct Disorder - life-course persistent and adolescent-limited. Moffitt describes the adolescent-limited type of Conduct Disorder as a temporary form of antisocial behavior that reflects a "maturity gap" between the adolescent's biological maturity and lack of opportunities for adult privileges and rewards. Moffitt attributes the life-course persistent type of Conduct Disorder to neurological impairment, a difficult temperament, and certain adverse environmental circumstances.

Answer 95

Affective instability is a characteristic shared by all three disorders.

Answer 96

Orgasmic reconditioning is based on the assumption that orgasm reinforces sexual fantasies, and it is used to replace the stimuli that produce an organism. It is one of the techniques used to treat Paraphilic Disorders and involves having the individual replace an unacceptable sexual fantasy with a more acceptable one while masturbating.

Answer 97

The studies have consistently found that a multicomponent cognitive or cognitive-behavioral approach is most effective for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer 98

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder involves severe, recurrent temper outbursts with a persistent irritable or angry mood between outbursts on most days. (should not be made before 6 and after 18: age of onset 10): chronic irritability) For at least a year, several times a week, on slight provocation a child has severe tantrums— screaming or actually attacking someone (or something)—that are inappropriate for the patient’s age and stage of development. Between outbursts, the child seems mostly angry, grumpy, or sad. The attacks and intervening moods occur across multiple settings (home, school, with friends). These patients have no manic episodes. Note: Oppositional Defiant Disorder differs from Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder primarily in terms of the severity, frequency, and chronicity of the temper outbursts, with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder having more severe, frequent, and chronic symptoms. When the criteria for both disorders are met, a diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder is assigned.( Disruptive mood : differentiate by its severe frequent outbursts and persistent disruption in mood: requires severe impairment in one setting (school expulsion, failing) and moderate impairment in a second setting)

Answer 99

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, combined presentation If the patient meets criteria for intermittent explosive disorder or oppositional defiant disorder but also meets criteria for DMDD, the patient should only be diagnosed with DMDD. In assessing this 12-year-old boy, it would be important to attend to the quality, severity, frequency, and duration of the outbursts. Are they outside the range of “developmentally normal” children? What are the provocations? Do the outbursts occur at home, at school, with peers, or in more than one setting? How are they affecting his life? What is this boy’s general mood between the outbursts? Do the outbursts reflect a lack of control over his emotional reactions, or are they a behavior calculated to achieve an intended outcome? At what age did these emotional and/or behavioral outbursts begin? Are there corresponding neurovegetative depressive symptoms? Has he ever exhibited manic-like symptoms such as grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, or racing thoughts? If so, have these symptoms persisted long enough to meet criteria for a manic episode? Does he abuse substances? Has he ever experienced psychotic symptoms such as paranoia, delusions, or hallucinations of any kind?

Answer 100

Major depressive disorder, single episode, moderate severity, without psychotic features, with peripartum onset The case report is not clear, but it appears that Ms. Perez had significant depressive symptoms throughout the pregnancy and that she was referred to a psychiatrist at this particular time not because she was dramatically more depressed but because she was seen by a health professional, the breast-feeding nurse. If Ms. Perez became depressed only after delivery, she may not have had symptoms for the 2 weeks that are required for a major depression. In that case, adjustment disorder with depressed mood might be a more appropriate diagnosis. A postpartum onset might also increase her risk of having bipolar disorder rather than unipolar depressive disorder. Arguing against a diagnosis of bipolar disorder in this patient is the lack of any known manic or psychotic symptoms as well as the absence of a history of mood episodes or a family history of bipolar disorder. Still, the fact that she experienced precipitous worsening after delivery would increase the risk that she might develop bipolar disorder. If Ms. Perez had low mood throughout the pregnancy and a brief worsening after delivery, then her symptoms might be viewed as a minor depressive disorder (in DSM-5, diagnosed as other specified depressive disorder) rather than major depressive disorder. From the available history, it appears more likely that Ms. Perez had significant depressive symptoms throughout the pregnancy. She said she felt “worried and unenthusiastic” and had felt “too tired” to work. This would not be an unusual depression trajectory, because half of women who are found to be depressed after delivery were already depressed during pregnancy. DSM-5 now includes a specifier, “with peripartum onset,” for women who develop a mood disorder during or soon after a pregnancy. Ms. Perez also worries that her infant is rejecting her and that her current situation is a punishment. These appear to be overvalued ideas rather than delusions, but it would be reasonable to do ongoing assessments for psychotic thinking.

Answer 101

These investigators found that, of the nicotine replacement therapies, nicotine nasal spray was most effective and nicotine gum was least effective (

Answer 102

Overall, the best conclusion that can be drawn is that there are few consistent (or statistically significant) differences in the rates of mental disorders in urban and rural areas. For example, a recent Healthcare for Communities (HCC) survey of 9,585 individuals living in rural and urban areas found no significant differences in the prevalence of the major types of mental illness (L. Tang et al., Report on the Survey Method for the Household Survey of Healthcare for Communities, 1997-1998, Los Ang. This lack of significant differences between rates in rural and urban areas is consistent with the findings of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study and the National Comorbidity Survey. The correct answer is: some disorders are more common in rural or in urban areas, but the differences in rates are usually not statistically significant.

Answer 103

MET, CBT, and TSF had similar effects on drinking. Project MATCH was a five-year longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in the 1990s. It compared the effectiveness of MET, CBT, and TSF on two measures of alcohol consumption (percentage of days abstinent and average number of drinks per day) and tested the hypothesis that treatments are most effective when they are matched to certain patient characteristics. The study found that the three treatments had nearly identical positive effects on both outcome measures but that few patient-treatment matches resulted in an improvement in outcomes. Also, a subsequent analysis of the data by R. B. Cutler and D. A. Fishbain suggested that the apparent treatment effects were actually the result of selection effects - i.e., were due to the fact that individuals who were more likely to continue drinking dropped out of the study, while individuals who were more likely to stop drinking stayed in the study (Are alcoholism treatments effective? The Project MATCH data, BMC Public Health, 5, 75, 2005).

Answer 104

Symptoms of Schizophreniform Disorder are similar to those associated with Schizophrenia but have a duration of less than six months.

Answer 105

There are two basic approaches to diagnosis - categorical classification and dimensional classification. The DSM utilizes a categorical approach, which involves determining whether or not a person meets the criteria for a given diagnosis. When using a dimensional approach, the individual is ranked on a quantitative dimension (e.g., on a scale from 1 to 10) on each symptom or other characteristic.

Answer 106

The nocturnal-only subtype of Enuresis requires that the repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes occurs only during nighttime sleep. It also requires that the individual have a chronological age of at least five years or an equivalent developmental level and that symptoms occur at least twice a week for at least three consecutive months or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning. Answer D is correct: The nocturnal-only subtype occurs most often during the first third of the night during non-REM, slow-wave sleep and is more common in boys than girls.

Answer 107

Schizophrenia has been linked to a number of factors including gender, age, type of onset, predominant symptoms, the presence of a precipitating event, and family history. A better prognosis is associated with female gender, later age at onset, and positive symptoms (which are more responsive to drug treatment).

Answer 108

Overall, the initial MTA results indicated that the combination treatment or medication management alone were significantly more effective than intensive behavioral treatment alone or routine community care. Of the answers given, this is the best one. The initial results (which is what this question is asking about) found that medication management alone and the combined treatment had similar effects (and better effects than behavioral treatment alone or routine community care) for alleviating the core symptoms of ADHD. However, follow-up studies found that the superiority of medication alone and the combined treatment was true for short-term effects but not long-term effects. See, e.g., P. S. Jensen et al., Findings from the NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA): Implications and applications for primary care providers, Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2001, 22(1), 60-73.

Answer 109

The psychologist's theory views alcohol abuse as the result of a combination of biological and environmental factors. As its name implies, the psychogenic model focuses on the psychological contributions to a disorder. The sociogenic model focuses on societal factors that contribute to a disorder, such as societal norms, stereotypes, and institutional biases. The diathesis-stress model reflects a biopsychosocial perspective and conceptualizes disorders as the result of a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental (social) factors. More specifically, it proposes that disorders are due to a combination of predispositional factors (the diathesis) and exposure to certain life stressors. The SORC model is used by cognitive-behavioral therapists as the framework for assessment. Use of this model involves considering the situation in which the problem occurs (S); the observations (thoughts, assumptions, and beliefs) made by the client in response to the situation (O); the client's emotional, psychological, and behavioral responses to his/her observations (R); and the consequences of those responses (C).

Answer 110

(oppositional defiant disorder) Angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness are the three categories of symptoms included in the DSM-5 for Oppositional Defiant Disorder. (intermittent explosive disorder) aggressive impulses manifested as 1) verbal and physical aggression 2) behavior: damage destruction of property and physical assault that injures people and animals. Conduct: persistent pattern that violates the rights of others 3 characteristic symptoms 12/6 most recent. aggression towards people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness and theft; serious violation of rules

Answer 111

Of the Personality Disorders, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) has been found to have the best prognosis, with the majority of patients showing a significant improvement in or remission of symptoms over time. Answer C is correct: Longitudinal studies have found that, by middle age or sooner, most individuals with BPD no longer meet the diagnostic criteria for the disorder. The resolution of symptoms varies, however: For example, in a six-year prospective study of 290 patients with BPD, Zanarini et al. found that impulsive symptoms resolved most quickly, affective symptoms were the most chronic, and cognitive and interpersonal symptoms were intermediate in terms of resolution (M. C. Zanarini, F. R. Frankenburg, J. Hennen, and K. R. Silk, The longitudinal course of borderline pathology: 6-year prospective follow-up of the phenomenology of borderline personality disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 274-283, 2003).

Answer 112

Project MATCH was a five-year longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in the 1990s. It compared the effectiveness of MET, CBT, and TSF on two measures of alcohol consumption (percentage of days abstinent and average number of drinks per day) and tested the hypothesis that treatments are most effective when they are matched to certain patient characteristics. Answer A is correct: The study found that the three treatments had nearly identical positive effects on both outcome measures but that few patient-treatment matches resulted in an improvement in outcomes. Also, a subsequent analysis of the data by R. B. Cutler and D. A. Fishbain suggested that the apparent treatment effects were actually the result of selection effects - i.e., were due to the fact that individuals who were more likely to continue drinking dropped out of the study, while individuals who were more likely to stop drinking stayed in the study (Are alcoholism treatments effective? The Project MATCH data, BMC Public Health, 5, 75, 2005).

Answer 113

Delirium is almost always caused by a general medical condition or substance use, and its symptoms include disturbances in attention and awareness and other cognitive abilities. -A difference between Delirium and the psychotic disorders is that the symptoms of Delirium tend to be random and haphazard while the symptoms of the psychotic disorders are often systematized. Note: The onset of Delirium is usually rapid. Delirium is associated with a clouding of consciousness and a fluctuating course. Hallucinations and delusions may be present in Delirium; however, they are less systematized (i.e., more random and haphazard) than those associated with the psychotic disorders.

Answer 114

Dissociative Amnesia is a type of functional (psychogenic) amnesia that is often associated with a traumatic event and is characterized by an inability to remember important personal information with gaps in memory being related to the traumatic event. - Memory loss in Dissociative Amnesia is most often anterograde - i.e., it typically involves the trauma and, in some cases, other events that occurred during a circumscribed period following the trauma. Retrograde amnesia (loss of memory for events prior to the trauma) is rare in Dissociative Amnesia; and, when it occurs, the loss of past memories is often reversed through hypnosis. Note In most cases of Dissociative Amnesia, the individual does not have trouble acquiring new information once the trauma that precipitated the memory loss is over. In other words, the anterograde amnesia is usually related to the traumatic event and for events that occurred during a circumscribed period following the trauma. The correct answer is: affects memory for events that occurred at the time of the trauma that precipitated the amnesia and for a circumscribed period following the trauma.

Answer 115

Of the diagnoses listed in the answers, Other Specified Attention-Deficit or Hyperactivity Disorder is the best since Renaldo's symptoms involve problems related to attention but it's unclear if he has the minimum number of symptoms (at least six for children and five for individuals ages 17 and older) required for a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit or Hyperactivity Disorder, predominantly inattentive presentation. Note 5 for adults

Answer 116

Overall, the initial MTA results indicated that the combination treatment or medication management alone were significantly more effective than intensive behavioral treatment alone or routine community care. Answer C is correct: Of the answers given, this is the best one. The initial results (which is what this question is asking about) found that medication management alone and the combined treatment had similar effects (and better effects than behavioral treatment alone or routine community care) for alleviating the core symptoms of ADHD. However, follow-up studies found that the superiority of medication alone and the combined treatment was true for short-term effects but not long-term effects. See, e.g., P. S. Jensen et al., Findings from the NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA): Implications and applications for primary care providers, Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2001, 22(1), 60-73. The correct answer is: medication alone or the combined treatment is more effective than behavioral treatment alone or routine community care.

Answer 117

Mrs. Cee's symptoms followed (and were apparently the result of) exposure to a traumatic event that is outside the range of normal human experience. Because the duration of the woman's symptoms are less than one month (the minimum duration required for PTSD), Acute Stress Disorder is the most likely diagnosis.

Answer 118

This issue was addressed by R. J. McNally et al. [Personality profiles, dissociation, and absorption in women reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 1033-1037, 2000]. Individuals in this study reporting repressed memories said they believed they had been sexually abused as children but had no autobiographical memories of the abuse. McNally et al. found that women with repressed memories scored higher on measures of absorption and dissociation and reported more symptoms of depression and PTSD than did women with continuous memories of childhood abuse. (Women with continuous memories did not differ significantly from non-abused women on these measures.) the two groups of women show significant differences with regard to both personality characteristics and psychiatric symptoms.

Answer 119

Answer 20% According to the National Parkinson Foundation (NPF), about 40% of patients with Parkinson's disease are depressed. In some cases, the depression is endogenous (due to the disease process itself); in others, it is a reaction to the diagnosis and its symptoms.

Answer 120

The essential feature of Somatic Symptom Disorder is the presence of one or more somatic symptoms that cause distress or a significant disruption in daily life accompanied by excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the symptoms.

Answer 121

Both disorders involve rituals, but the goal of rituals is different for OCD and OCPD. In OCD, rituals are performed to reduce anxiety; in OCPD, rituals are related to perfectionism.

Answer 122

The DSM uses a categorical diagnostic system and allows for heterogeneity (the quality or state of being diverse in character or content. "the genetic heterogeneity of human populations") within each diagnostic category through its use of a polythetic criteria set that requires an individual to meet only a subset of characteristic symptoms. The correct answer is: the fact that a diagnosis can be assigned to an individual when he/she exhibits only a subset of the characteristic symptoms for that diagnosis. result two clients can have somewhat different symptoms but receive the same diagnosis.

Abnormal Psychology DSM 5 Flashcards

(152 cards)