Physiological psychology and psychopharmacology Flashcards

Question

What are the side effects from taking lithium carbonate as a treatment for Bipolar Disorder?

Answer 1

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, and dry mouth are common early gastrointestinal side effects of lithium. These symptoms usually appear within a few weeks and, if they occur late in therapy, may be a sign of lithium toxicity

Answer 2

Research using neuroimaging techniques has pinpointed the location of specific emotional and behavior changes caused by frontal lobe damage. Damage to the orbitofrontal areas produces pseudopsychopathy (disinhibition and impulsive behavior), euphoria, lack of judgment and social tact, and distractibility. Damage to the medial frontal area produces akinesia, mutism, and weakness and loss of sensation in the lower extremities. Damage to the anterior cingulate area is associated with apathy and paucity of speech and movement. Damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal area produces impaired executive functioning, slowed information processing, and mood and personality changes.

Answer 3

An EEG measures electrical activity of the brain and, in terms of traumatic brain injury, has been used to detect focal slowing and epileptiform activity. Research on the use of standard EEG as a diagnostic tool for traumatic brain injury has found that it is most effective for detecting seizure activity. Several methods are used to identify vestibular disturbances including ENG (electronystagmography) and VAT (vestibular autorotation test). (A link between your inner ear and your brain helps you keep your balance when you get out of bed or walk over rough ground. This is called your vestibular system. If a disease or injury damages this system, you can have a vestibular disorder. Dizziness and trouble with your balance are the most common symptoms, but you also can have problems with your hearing and vision.) CT (computerized tomography) is useful for detecting acute hematomas and other types of hemorrhage. Functional neuroimaging techniques are used to evaluate cerebral blood flow.

Answer 4

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans use a special dye that contains radioactive tracers to identify how well your organs and other tissue inside your body are functioning. These radioactive tracers are swallowed, inhaled, or injected into the veins, and a scan detects the activity of the tracers once inside the body. The tracers collect in areas of the body with high chemical activity, which is typically a sign of disease such as cancer. The tracers are also used to measure blood flow, oxygen use, sugar levels, and the like. PET scans are typically used in conjunction with a CT scan or MRI. Computed tomography (CT) scans, on the other hand, works much like an X-ray, only with greater, 3D detail of the organs, bones, and tissues inside your body. During the scan, a narrow x-ray beam circles your body, taking a series of images from different angles. These images are stored in a computer that can, in turn, create a cross-sectional view of the body part under examination. These images are used to detect bone and joint problems, critical conditions like cancer and heart disease, and evidence of internal bleeding, tumors, or blood clots. It may also use a contrast dye for even better clarity on the resulting images. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also takes detailed pictures of internal organs – but instead of using X-ray technology, an MRI uses powerful magnets, radio waves, and computer technology to create its images. It may be used with or without a contrast dye to see internal structures more clearly. During the MRI, you lay within a tube-like machine that produces a strong magnetic field to create its images, which are processed and stored in a computer. There is no radiation used during an MRI. --side note-- MRIs have revealed that individuals in the early stages of Alzheimer's Dementia have a reduction in the volume of the entorhinal cortex of up to 30% when compared to healthy peers and that those in the later stages show a reduction of up to 45%. See, e.g., M. Bobinski et al., MRI of entorhinal cortex in mild Alzheimer's disease, Lancet, 353, 38-40, 1999.

Answer 5

Amphetamine psychosis and Schizophrenia share a number of symptoms. Because amphetamines are known to exert their effects on dopamine pathways, this similarity confirms that dopamine also plays a role in Schizophrenia.

Answer 6

The benzodiazepines are associated with several undesirable side effects including rebound anxiety, physical and psychological dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. Insomnia and the symptoms listed in the question are the symptoms of paradoxical agitation, which is most likely to occur in people with a history of aggressive behavior or unstable emotional behavior. Overdose Anticholinergic effects Rebound anxiety

Answer 7

Renal Failure: The symptoms of renal failure depend on its severity, rate of progression, and cause. However, in many cases, the initial symptoms are a change in the amount and frequency of urination and discomfort or pain when urinating. The change can involve an increase in urination (polyuria) with urine being paler than usual or a decrease in urination (oliguria) with urine being darker than usual. A metallic taste in the mouth is one of the symptoms of renal failure. Feeling cold (even in a hot room) is one of the symptoms of renal failure. People with renal failure may experience a decrease in appetite.

Answer 8

Prozac and the other SSRIs are associated with fewer side effects than the tricyclics. One disadvantage of the SSRI's is that they may temporarily exacerbate sleep and anxiety problems. should be warned that sleep and anxiety problems may temporarily increase. These are side effects of the tricyclics. must avoid tyramine-rich foods.

Answer 9

Prospective memory has been linked to the prefrontal lobes, and it has been hypothesized that executive cognitive functions (which have also been linked to this area of the brain) are involved in this aspect of memory.

Answer 10

Ataxia Ataxia involves a loss of balance and coordination. It is one of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis and can be caused by damage to the cerebellum, dorsal spinal cord, or vestibular system. Although its symptoms depend on the area affected, they often include unsteady gait, difficulty with fine motor tasks, abnormal eye movements, slurred speech, and difficulty swallowing. akinesia (motion) : akathisia: a condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common side effect of neuroleptic drugs. Athetosis: repetitive involuntary, slow, sinuous, writhing movements.

Answer 11

Long-term potentiation (LTP) has been suggested as one of the physiological bases of learning and memory. It involves greater responsiveness of a post-synaptic neuron to low-intensity stimulation for an extended period of time. Long-term potentiation was first observed in the hippocampus, which is known to play a key role in learning and memory, especially in the consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory.

Answer 12

The reticular activating system (RAS) acts like the ignition system of the brain, that awakens an individual from sleep to a state of heightened awareness. The reticular activating system connects the brain stem, to the cerebral cortex, through various neural paths. The stem controls most of the involuntary functions, as well as reflexes of the body, while the cerebral cortex is the seat of consciousness and thinking abilities. The system forms a link between these two different regions, helping our consciousness put together an internal world, through assimilation of sensory information, gathered from all body parts. The system projects out of the brain stem, through the thalamus, to connect with the cerebral cortex. The neurons from the stem radiate upwards and terminate at the thalamus, at diffuse thalamic nuclei, which in turn, project further into the cerebrum. The system also involves neurons projecting out of the sensory pathways, directly into the sensory cortex. RAS functions are controlled by certain cholinergic (related to acetylcholine) and adrenergic (related to Adrenaline) neurotransmitters. In terms of neuron grouping, this brain region constitutes the raphe nucleus, the pedunculopontine nucleus, and the locus caeruleus, all situated in the brain stem. For the sensory signals traveling towards and away from the cerebrum, this system acts as the gateway. In fact, the nerve fibers of this region are known to make the connection between body and mind. For the RAS to be triggered, signal activity needs to occur in the sensory pathways, that are connected with it. Relays Sensory Signals In a state of wakefulness, all the sensory information that reaches the brain stem (including touch, smell, visual, and temperature signals), from the various afferent nerves, is transmitted via this system, to the cerebrum for processing, after undergoing filtering. Pain felt in any part of the body, is relayed through the reticular formation. The Flight or Fight Response When we encounter a threat, that demands immediate defensive or offensive action, the electrical signals from sensory neurons are relayed to the cerebral cortex for processing, via the RAS. Regulates Sleep-Wake Transitions This functionality is mediated through the monoaminergic and cholinergic pathways. All the mind’s functions manifest themselves physically, as electrical activity in the brain. The transition from sleep to wakefulness is therefore a change in the electrical activity associated with certain brain regions, measured in terms of frequency of the electrical signals. The state of wakefulness in humans, is associated with low-voltage fast burst brain waves. The same kind of waves are also associated with the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) phase during sleep. On the other hand, during non-REM sleep, the activity of high-voltage slow waves is predominant. The RAS orchestrates the transition from sleep to wakefulness, by promoting the creation of gamma band (20-40 Hz) waves and suppressing slow waves in the brain, like the spindle wave oscillations (11-14 Hz), delta waves (1-4 Hz), and slow waves in the cortex (0.3-1 Hz). This transition is reversible. Sleep is possible, only through the suppression of RAS activity, that is, through a reduction of afferent nerve activity, which transmits sensory signals to the cortex. During non-REM sleep, which is mostly dreamless, RAS is shut down, thus cutting off connections with sensory inputs. This inhibition of the system is facilitated by the preoptic nucleus neurons. Controls Focusing Ability The ability to filter out information from external sources and focus on one particular fact, detail, or thought is controlled by this brain region. If it weren’t for this circuitry, our consciousness would be overwhelmed and flooded with all sensory information, leading to an inability to make decisions. The system helps in prioritizing information and controls what appears in the mind’s eye, at any point of time. Recent research has revealed that this region is also responsible for bringing your mind into periods of heightened attention, alertness, or higher focus. This function is primarily mediated by the reticular formation and the thalamic intralaminar nuclei, which experience an increased blood flow, during these times. Coordinated Response to External Stimuli It is responsible for providing an integrated (cardiovascular, respiratory, and motor) response to external stimuli. It also controls coordination during walking, sexual functions, and eating. Motor Control Connections of the reticular formation with motor neurons facilitates maintenance of balance, posture, and tone, when executing various body movements. It enables the cerebellum to integrate vestibular, visual, and audio inputs, to process the data for motor coordination. Muscle Atonia During REM Sleep This system also plays a role in REM sleep, when we experience dreams. It is responsible for muscle atonia (temporary paralysis or relaxation of muscles) experienced during these phases. Habituation Not only does RAS filter out information, but it also learns to identify patterns in the sensory signals transmitted through it. The reticular formation gets habituated to excluding meaningless and repetitive signals, that are deemed to be consistently unimportant. That explains why people can sleep through any kind of noise, once they have become habituated to it, while waking up in a startled state, to an auditory signal like a gunshot. Helps Regulate Circadian Rhythm The raphe nuclei, a part of the reticular formation, work with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to maintain the circadian rhythm. It provides information about the level of alertness of the individual to the SCN, for it to act accordingly. Damage to this system can lead to a transition into coma. Because of its positioning at the back of the brain, this area is very vulnerable to damage during accidents. Brain researchers have linked disorders in the RAS to attention deficit disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, narcolepsy, and sleep disorders. Anesthetics and psychotropic drugs directly affect this system, causing a transition into unconsciousness or semi-consciousness. There is a relation between our action of setting goals and the RAS, as it controls the ability to focus and sift through incoming information. Overall, it manages the transition between levels of consciousness and controls what we prioritize as our current reality.

Answer 13

Anomia Alexia Agnosia: not able to recognize your nosia Apraxia dysgraphia Anosognosia

Answer 14

headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and sweating. A person experiencing these symptoms should seek immediate medical attention because this condition can be life-threatening.

Answer 15

language comprehension and production, including an inability to name familiar objects and people. somatosensory cortex mammillary bodies: learning and memory emotion.

Answer 16

Hysterical traits, multiple previous episodes, and delusions are associated with a poor response to the tricyclic drugs. The symptoms insidious onset of symptoms. weight loss, middle and late insomnia. along with psychomotor disturbances and other vegetative symptoms)

Answer 17

psychologically equal intervals. Psychophysicists use just noticeable differences (JNDs) and similar measurements to study the relationship between changes in physical stimuli and the psychological responses to those changes. JNDs are considered to be equal; however, the corresponding physical stimuli usually are not. For example, it may take only the addition of one pound to notice a difference when you start with ten pounds but the addition of ten pounds to notice a difference when you start with 100 pounds. In each case, the JND is equal to one, but the physical differences in weight are not the same. Weber:

Answer 18

1. Impaired attention and judgment, anterograde amnesia, and indifference or sadness 2. restlessness and agitation, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, and flat or labile mood 3. These symptoms are characteristic of the third (late) stage of the disorder.

Answer 19

Research with animals and humans indicates that petit mal seizures begin in the thalamus, which is considered the "gateway to consciousness." For example, research with rats has linked an overabundance of GABA receptors in the thalamus to petit mal seizures.

Answer 20

Being familiar with the anticholinergic side effects of antihistamines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, The common side effects of the anticholinergic drugs include those listed in the question. These drugs exert their effects by antagonizing the action of acetylcholine at muscarnic receptors.

Answer 21

The symptoms described in this question are characteristic of akathisia, which usually develops within a few weeks after starting or increasing the dose of a neuroleptic drug. Note: This is different from: Akinesia is one of the symptoms of neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism and involves a slowing or lack of normal motor function Parkinsonism involves tremor, muscle rigidity, and akinesia.

Answer 22

Episodic memory is memory for personally experienced events (e.g., what one had for dinner the previous evening). Semantic memory is memory for factual knowledge (e.g., the definition of amnesia). Extensive impairment in declarative memory would, therefore, involve both types of memory, so this is the best answer.

Answer 23

effects of naltrexone, which is an opioid receptor antagonist that blocks the craving for and reinforcing effects of alcohol.

Answer 24

Selye's general adaptation syndrome consists of three stages -- alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. The resistance stage occurs when stress persists and, as a result, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release ACTH which then activates the adrenal cortex to release the stress hormone cortisol.

Answer 25

blood pressure feedback is as effective training in general relaxation. While blood pressure feedback is effective, many studies have found that training in general relaxation is equally effective for mild to moderate cases.

Answer 26

In the context of HIV, seroconversion refers to the conversion from HIV negative (seronegative) to HIV positive (seropositive) as the result of the presence of antibodies. Note that, because seroconversion often does not occur until several weeks after infection, an infected individual may develop symptoms of acute HIV infection while still having a negative HIV antibody test.

Answer 27

Research on amphetamine psychosis has provided support for the dopamine hypothesis for Schizophrenia: First, amphetamines exert their effects by altering dopamine activity. Second, a high dose of amphetamine produces symptoms similar to those associated with Schizophrenia, and amphetamines exacerbate the symptoms of Schizophrenia. Third, drugs that reduce dopamine levels alleviate the symptoms of amphetamine psychosis and Schizophrenia.

Answer 28

antipsychotics and antimanics were the only ones that were provided or prescribed more often by practitioners in medical specialty offices (e.g., psychiatrists and neurologists) than by primary care physicians.

Answer 29

praxia involves an inability to perform skilled movements that are not due to muscle weakness, sensory loss, general intellectual deterioration, or lack of cooperation. Most forms of apraxia (including constructional apraxia) are caused by damage to the parietal lobe.

Answer 30

Fechner's law proposes that sensation is a logarithmic function of stimulus intensity - i.e., that a person's experience of stimulus intensity increases arithmetically as the stimulus intensity increases geometrically. - According to Weber's law, the more intense the stimulus, the greater the increase in stimulus intensity required for the increase to be perceived. - A just noticeable difference is the minimum difference in stimulus intensity required for an individual to notice a difference from the previous intensity. For instance, if you are in a room lit by a 120 watt light bulb, and you don"t notice a difference in brightness until the wattage is increased to 130, the just noticeable difference is 10 watts. Weber's law states that the more intense a stimulus, the greater the increase in stimulus intensity must be for the increase to be noticed.

Answer 31

1. The corpus callosum 2. visual agnosia 3. perception, emotion, memory, and thinking. - personality and behavioral 4. Wernicke's area; (Broca's area): conduction Conduction aphasia is a type of aphasia in which the main impairment is in the inability to repeat words or phrases.

Answer 32

Tardive dyskinesia is a serious and potentially irreversible side effect of the antipsychotics (especially the conventional drugs), 2. Acute dystonia 3. Parkinsonism 4. Akathisia

Answer 33

right parietal lobe 2. occipital 3. temporal 4. frontal

Answer 34

A person with prosopagnosia is unable to recognize familiar faces including, in some cases, his or her own face in a mirror or picture.

Answer 35

Wernicke's aphasia is also known as receptive aphasia and involves deficits in both production and comprehension of language. In terms of production, people with Wernicke's aphasia exhibit speech that is rapid and fluent but is largely devoid of meaning.

Answer 36

The long-term use of an antipsychotic drug - especially chlorpromazine or other conventional antipsychotic - can result in tardive dyskinesia, a neurological movement disorder involving involuntary movements of the lips, tongue, face, trunk, and extremities (e.g., facial grimacing, tongue protrusion, guitar and piano-playing movements). An acute hypertensive crisis is a potential side effect of the MAOIs. Anterograde amnesia is a potential side effect of triazolam and other benzodiazepines. Renal toxicity is associated with the use of lithium

Answer 37

The middle cerebral artery provides blood to many regions of the brain, and the most common symptoms of stroke involving this artery include contralateral hemiplegia or hemiparesis and hyposthesia (lack of sensation). In addition, when the stroke involves the left cerebral artery, aphasia and apraxia may also occur. 2. ---Nystagmus and vertigo are signs of a stroke involving the vertebral artery. 3. Double vision and facial paralysis are signs of a stroke involving the basilar artery. 4. These symptoms would be caused by a stroke involving the right middle cerebral artery.

Answer 38

Secretion of cortisol, a stress hormone, by the adrenal gland is influenced by the activity of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It has been recently linked to memory impairments associated with stress.

Answer 39

Typical symptoms of seizure activity in the temporal lobe are a change in perception, a sudden alteration in emotions and/or a sense of déjà vu or jamais vu (a sense of familiarity or unfamiliarity, respectively). Note: Speech arrest and other speech disturbances are a symptoms of frontal lobe seizures.

Answer 40

Broca's and Wernicke's areas are the two primary language areas of the brain. Information on the types of aphasia produced by damage to these areas and other types of aphasia is provided in the Physiological Psychology chapter of the written study materials. Damage to Broca's area causes an inability to produce language (expressive aphasia), while damage to Wernicke's area is associated with an inability to understand written or spoken language with fluent but unintelligible speech (receptive aphasia).

Answer 41

Kluver-Bucy syndrome is characterized by reduced fear, increased docility, compulsive oral behaviors, altered dietary habits, an inability to recognize visual stimuli, and hypersexuality. It is caused by lesions in amygdala, hippocampus, and certain areas of the temporal lobe.

Answer 42

he temporal lobe plays an important role in several important functions including auditory sensation and perception, language comprehension, and long-term memory. Damage to the dominant temporal lobe may cause verbal memory loss, while damage to the nondominant temporal lobe may produce nonverbal memory loss. Note: Contralateral neglect is a possible consequence of parietal lobe damage. Apraxia is caused by damage to the parietal or frontal lobe.

Answer 43

The tricyclic antidepressants are, in general, more sedating than the SSRIs. Doxepin (Sinequan) is a tricyclic antidepressant, and drowsiness is one of the most common side effects of this drug (although it tends to decrease over time)

Answer 44

Abrupt cessation of a sedative following long-term use typically results in a "REM rebound," which is characterized by an above-normal amount or proportion of REM sleep.

Answer 45

-headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and sweating. -A tyramine-induced hypertensive crisis may result when a person taking an MAOI consumes food containing tyramine. These are the prodromal symptoms of a tyramine-induced hypertensive crisis. A person experiencing these symptoms should seek immediate medical attention because this condition can be life-threatening. -Irritability, confusion, dizziness, and cardiac arrhythmia: These are symptoms of serotonin syndrome, which may result when an MAOI is taken in conjunction with an SSRI.

Answer 46

Naltrexone (ReVia) is an opioid receptor antagonist. Naltrexone blocks the reinforcing effects and craving (desire) for alcohol. Antabuse reduces alcohol consumption by causing adverse effects when taken in combination with alcohol.

Answer 47

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare, idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic drugs that may be caused by dopamine blockage in the basal ganglia. These are the core symptoms of NMS. Other symptoms include painful joints, mutism, tachycardia, and urinary retention.

Answer 48

he limbic system (especially the amygdala) is most associated with emotion, but other structures of the brain also play a role. Answer A is correct: The hypothalamus is always a good guess since it's involved in so many different functions. The studies have shown that decorticate animals tend to respond to even minor stimuli with extreme rage as long as the hypothalamus is left intact.

Answer 49

Neuroimaging techniques are divided into two types - structural and functional. CT and MRI are both structural techniques. MRI uses magnetic fields to produce detailed cross-sectional images of the brain. An important advantage of MRI over a CT scan is that MRI has better resolution. -note Because MRI requires the patient to be completely still for a prolonged period of time, the patient may need to be sedated. A CT scan requires less time and, therefore, is less likely to require sedation. -Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides information on the functional activities of the brain, but MRI is a structural technique that provides information on the structure of the brain only. Note Regional cerebral blood flow is associated with the brain activity (functioning), and all but one of the brain imaging techniques listed in the responses are functional techniques. : PET, MRI, SPECT

Answer 50

The principle of equipotentiality was proposed by Lashley and predicts that, if certain parts of the cortex are damaged, other parts may assume the functions of the damaged parts.

Answer 51

epinephrine and norepinexphrine: Epinephrine and norepinephrine are two neurotransmitters that also serve as hormones, and they belong to a class of compounds known as catecholamines. As hormones, they influence different parts of your body and stimulate your central nervous system. Epinephrine Epinephrine, also called adrenaline, has powerful effects on the body. These include: increased blood sugar levels increased heart rate increased contractility (how hard the heart squeezes) relaxation of smooth muscle in the airways to improve breathing These effects are designed to provide your body with extra energy. When you’re very stressed or afraid, your body releases a flood of epinephrine. This is known as the fight-or-flight response, or adrenaline rush. Norepinephrine Norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, has effects similar to those of epinephrine, such as: increased blood sugar levels increased heart rate increased contractility Norepinephrine can also cause your blood vessels to narrow, which increases blood pressure. The main difference Both epinephrine and norepinephrine can affect your heart, blood sugar levels, and blood vessels. However, norepinephrine can also make your blood vessels become narrower, increasing blood pressure. How are they used? Epinephrine In addition to being a hormone and neurotransmitter, epinephrine is also used as a medical treatment in its synthetic form. Its main use involves the treatment of anaphylaxis. This is a severe allergic reaction that can affect a person’s breathing. An injection of epinephrine can help to open up your airway so you can breathe. Other uses of epinephrine include: Asthma attacks. An inhaled form of epinephrine can help treat or prevent severe asthma attacks. Cardiac arrest. An epinephrine injection may restart your heart if your heart has stopped pumping (cardiac arrest). Infection. If you have a severe infection and aren’t producing enough catecholamines, you may need to be given epinephrine through an intravenous line (IV). Anesthesia. Adding epinephrine to local anesthetics can make them last longer. Norepinephrine Doctors sometimes use norepinephrine to treat septic shock, a severe infection that can lead to organ failure. This infection tends to cause dangerously low blood pressure. Norepinephrine given through an IV can help to constrict blood vessels, increasing blood pressure. Although epinephrine can also be used for this purpose, norepinephrine is preferred due to its pure alpha receptor action. Some people with ADHD or depression take medications that stimulate or increase the release of norepinephrine, including: atomoxetine (Strattera) serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, such as duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor XR) The main difference Epinephrine is used to treat anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and severe asthma attacks. Norepinephrine, on the other hand, is used to treat dangerously low blood pressure. In addition, medications that increase norepinephrine can help with ADHD and depression. What happens if you have a deficiency? Low levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine can contribute to a variety of physical and mental conditions, including: ``` anxiety depression fibromyalgia hypoglycemia migraine headaches restless leg syndrome sleep disorders Chronic stress, poor nutrition, and taking certain medications, such as methylphenidate (Ritalin), can make your less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine. These factors can also cause your body to start producing less epinephrine and norepinephrine. ``` ADVERTISEMENT Are you interested in knowing more about your heart health risk? This at-home test that measures your cholesterol levels, HbA1c, and more may help you understand your risk factors for heart disease. What happens if you have too much? Having too much adrenaline or norepinephrine can cause: ``` high blood pressure anxiety excessive sweating heart palpitations headaches Some medical conditions cause people to have too much epinephrine, norepinephrine, or both. These include: ``` pheochromocytoma, a tumor that forms in your adrenal glands paranganglioma, a tumor that forms on the outside of your adrenal glands obesity Ongoing stress can also cause high levels of both epinephrine and norepinephrine. The bottom line Epinephrine and norepinephrine are very similar neurotransmitters and hormones. While epinephrine has slightly more of an effect on your heart, norepinephrine has more of an effect on your blood vessels. Both play a role in your body’s natural fight-or-flight response to stress and have important medical uses as well. -Treats high blood pressure, angina, other cardiovascular disorders, migraine head aches, glaucoma, reduces heart palpitations, tremors, excessive sweating, and other physical symptoms associated with anxiety

Answer 52

An action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged sodium ions into the cell, which creates a state of depolarization (i.e., the interior of the cell becomes less negative). depolarization is created as positively charged ions enter the cell. the repolarization in which sodium channels close and potassium channels open which allows positively charged potassium ions to leave the cell

Answer 53

sense of touch The postcentral gyrus contains the primary somatosensory cortex. a. CORRECT The primary somatosensory cortex mediates touch and other skin and muscle sensations for the contralateral (opposite) side of the body.

Answer 54

In the majority of people, the left hemisphere is dominant for fine motor functioning, which is evident in the fact that most people are right-handed. The correct answer is: controlling complex and precise movements note: The right hemisphere is responsible for understanding part-whole relationships - for example, recognizing familiar objects from incomplete pictorial data and perceiving whole shapes from parts. The right hemisphere is also responsible for decoding emotion in facial expressions and language. The right hemisphere predominates in the perception of depth, distance, direction, and orientation.

Answer 55

The term visual agnosia refers to the inability to recognize familiar objects by sight. Associative and apperceptive visual agnosia are two types of visual agnosia that you want to be familiar with for the EPPP. a. Incorrect This is not characteristic of visual agnosia. d. CORRECT This response describes associative visual agnosia, which occurs when visual and language areas become disconnected. The correct answer is: cannot name a familiar object she sees but may know what it is used for and can copy or match a drawing of the object. Note: cannot name a familiar object she sees but may recognize it when it is placed in her hand and cannot copy or match a drawing of the object. the condition known as apperceptive visual agnosia.

Physiological psychology and psychopharmacology Flashcards

(80 cards)