Abx Patho - Exam 1A

Question 1

bacteriostatic

Answer 1

medications that slow or inhibit bacterial growth

Question 2

bactericidal

Answer 2

medications that kill bacteria

Question 3

examples of super infections

Answer 3

candidiasis and C.diff

Question 4

how to choose an abx

Answer 4

1)community vs hospital acquired
2)site of infection
3)suspected organism

Question 5

when can we give abx before culture results

Answer 5

-pt failing
-meningitis
-severe sepsis
get culture before giving abx

Question 6

minimum inhibitory concentration vs minimum bactericidal

Answer 6

inhib: lowest amount of drug to inhibit growth
bact: lowest amount of drug to kill

Question 7

if a pt is older, would be expected a higher or lower dose

Answer 7

lower dose

Question 8

nosocomial infection

Answer 8

infections that occur within a healthcare facility

Question 9

MOA of inhibiting cell wall synthesis works how

Answer 9

inhibit -> weaken cell wall -> influx of fluid in the cell -> cell swells & bursts -> cell lysis & death

Question 10

how does penicillin disrupt cell wall synthesis

Answer 10

inhibits transpeptidases which stabilize the cell wall -> activates autolysis

Question 11

why is nafcillin the drug of choice for staph infections

Answer 11

it is resist to penicillanse enzyme which is present in staph and can breakdown other abx before therapeutic affect works

Question 12

what does ceftaroline not treat

Answer 12

enterobacter, pseudomonas, ESBL & klebsiella

Question 13

when should a peak be drawn

Answer 13

15-30 mins after a drug is given

Question 14

when should a trough be drawn

Answer 14

immediately before next dose ~about 30 mins before admin time~

Question 15

what drug causes red man syndrome

Answer 15

vancomycin

Question 16

what drug would you not give to someone with bone pain / what drug would you stop if someone develops bone pain

Answer 16

ciprofloxacin

Question 17

who is at highest risk for HIV

Answer 17

black men who have sex w/ men

Question 18

what is a retrovirus

Answer 18

a type of virus that uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to translate its genetic information into DNA gets into the cell then tells DNA to make more of the HIV enzyme

Question 19

patho of HIV/Aids

Answer 19

-cannot replicate outside of living host cell
-contains only RNA, no DNA
-destroys body’s ability to fight infection
-infects CD4 cells

Question 20

HIV targets CD4 proteins on

Answer 20

T cells (long term immune memory), monocytes and macrophages

Question 21

HIV integrase

Answer 21

a viral enzyme that brings HIV DNA into genetic material of infected cell

Question 22

HIV protease

Answer 22

responsible for the virus particles that are released to attack, replicate and release more virus (final stage of virus production)

Question 23

stage 1 HIV

Answer 23

-rapid replication
-no symptoms, not detectable yet
infectious

Question 24

seroconversion (part of HIV stage 1)

Answer 24

-HIV antibodies are now detectable
-flu like symptoms
highly infectious

Question 25

stage 2 HIV

Answer 25

-clinical latency: body is fighting infection (can do for years) -asym or mild sym

Question 26

rapid virus production during stage 2 HIV

Answer 26

body struggling to fight, persistent drop in CD4 cells & T cells **antivirals become less effective & viral load increases**

Question 27

stage 3 HIV

Answer 27

symptomatic HIV -> AIDS

Question 28

HIV goal

Answer 28

high CD4, low viral loads **as CD4 lowers, viral load rises**

Question 29

aids defining conditions

Answer 29

-Kaposi's sarcoma -wasting syndrome -invasive cervical cancers -pervasive candidiasis -pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia -HIV related encephalopathy -mycobacterium TB -aids dementia complex

Question 30

what CD4 count is a dx of aids

Answer 30

<200 (w/ or w/o aids defining condition)

Question 31

oral manifestations is very common in HIV, if symptoms occur and CD4 count is still >350, what does this mean for treatment

Answer 31

infection is increasing so need to reevaluate med doses and education patient on infection prevention

Question 32

can HIV or CD4 cells cross the blood brain barrier

Answer 32

HIV

Question 33

aids dementia complex

Answer 33

-poor concentration -mental slowness/memory loss -behavior changes -difficulty finds words -depression -motor/speech/balance/visual probs

Question 34

how is HIV transmitted

Answer 34

-sex w/o condom -passed from mother to baby (2% if mom is treated, 30% if untreated) -sharing injection equipment -contaminated blood transfusions/transplants

Question 35

how is HIV not transmitted

Answer 35

-kissing / hugging -sharing food -insect bites -toilet seats -bathing -sneezing/coughs -sweat

Question 36

risky behaviors related to HIV transmission

Answer 36

-men having sex w/ men -injection drug use -heterosexual contact -birth (perinatal transmission)

Question 37

the higher the viral load,

Answer 37

the higher chance of spreading infection

Question 38

post exposure prophylaxis

Answer 38

if exposed, take ART therapy for 28 days -> test immediately after exposure, 6 wks after exposure & then 12 weeks after exposure