Screening

Question 1

what makes up health promotion

Answer 1

health education, screening and prevention

Question 2

who took over overseeing preventive services and distributing them out to states from the CDC

Answer 2

US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF)

Question 3

what is the purpose of screening

Answer 3

detect the disease in the early stages to stop disease from progressing and treat the disease also well as reduce cost of disease mgt

Question 4

types of screenings: individual screening

Answer 4

-one person tested
-often chosen based on risk factors
-sometimes chosen based on universal screening
-ex) mammogram for a female w/ fam hx of BC

Question 5

types of screenings: group or mass screening

Answer 5

-target population selected on basis of increased risk
-ex) vision screening in school children or testing for PKU in neonates

Question 6

types of screenings: one test disease specific screening

Answer 6

-single test
-detects characteristic indicating high risk
-ex) A1c & DM or cholesterol levels & hypercholesterolemia

Question 7

types of screenings: multiple test screening

Answer 7

-2 or more tests to detect one disease
- ex) tb screening -> blood test or skin test then if positive x rays and sputum cultures

Question 8

screening criteria

Answer 8

-detection (are there well documented diagnostic criteria/resources or treatments to support screening)
-diagnostic criteria (disease should have early asym state + risk factors)
-screening measures (safe, cost effective, accurate)

Question 9

advantages of screening

Answer 9

-cost effective
-can be individual or large pops
-some are mandated by law
-can be one test or multiple
-creates opportunity for health teaching

Question 10

disadvantages of screenings

Answer 10

-possibility of errors (false positive or negatives)
-serious consequences to errors

Question 11

what question should we ask ourselves when selection a disease to screen for

Answer 11

“just because we can, does it mean we should?”
-does it warrant a community problem
-can the disease be detected by screening
-health benefits
-tangible

Question 12

when should a screen be done

Answer 12

-it has benefit w/ early detection
-if effective treatments are available
-there is follow up care
-it is safe
-low rate of false positives and over treatment

Question 13

epidemiology

Answer 13

method used to find cause of disease (and outcomes) in populations

Question 14

Morbidity

Answer 14

diseased state or disability from any cause (includes range or degree of illness)

Question 15

mortality

Answer 15

deaths in a given population as a result of a specific disease/illness/event

Question 16

significance

Answer 16

level of priority of disease as public health concern

Question 17

significance

Answer 17

level of priority of disease as public health concern

Question 18

incidence

Answer 18

rate of a new population problem & estimates risk of individual developing disease

Question 19

prevalence

Answer 19

proportion of the population with disease at any one point in time

Question 20

reliability

Answer 20

extent a measuring procedure yields consistent results on repeated administrations of the scale (exact same results everytime)

Question 21

reliability: inter observer

Answer 21

same results when 2 person’s do tests

Question 22

reliability: intra observer

Answer 22

same person able to reproduce results

Question 23

validity

Answer 23

degree a measuring procedure accurately reflects or assesses or captures the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure (what you actually want to measure)

Question 24

test sensitivity

Answer 24

the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease (true positive)

Question 25

test specificity

Answer 25

the ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negative)

Question 26

low sensitivity would equal

Answer 26

false positives

Question 27

low specificity would equal

Answer 27

false negative

Question 28

sensitivity and specificity are apart of what

Answer 28

validity

Question 29

what screening issues need clarified

Answer 29

prevention, ameliorative, curative (what are costs to the pt)

Question 30

cost of health screenings

Answer 30

-social & political forces becoming more cost conscious vs past practice
-do costs result in improved health? are benefits worth it?

Question 31

3 approaches may be used to evaluate

Answer 31

-cost benefit ratio
-cost effectiveness
-cost efficiency analysis
*determine optimal use of resources to achieve desired health outcome

Question 32

clinical preventive services

Answer 32

-saves years of life and help people live better during those years
-save money
-provide quality care
-reduce death, disability, and disease

Question 33

USPSTF Grading: A

Answer 33

service recommended, high certainty that the net benefit is substantial

Question 34

USPSTF Grading: B

Answer 34

recommends, there is a high certainty that the net benefits is moderate or there is moderate certainty that the new benefit is moderate to substantial

Question 35

USPSTF Grading: C

Answer 35

recommends selectively offering or providing this service to individual pts based on professional judgement and pt preference

Question 36

USPSTF Grading: D

Answer 36

recommends against the service

Question 37

USPSTF Grading: I

Answer 37

insufficient evidence