patho exam 2

Question 1

adipose tissue

Answer 1

fat

Question 2

adipocytes

Answer 2

fat storing cells, stores kcals as TAGs

Question 3

leptin

Answer 3

appetite & energy (increased fat = increased leptin and people become resistant which leads to overeating)

Question 4

angiopoitentin - related protein

Answer 4

insulin resistance & inflammation

Question 5

angiotensinogen

Answer 5

BP, inflammation, & insulin resistance in lipogenesis

Question 6

retinol binding protein

Answer 6

insulin resistance in muscles

Question 7

IL-6, TNF alpha

Answer 7

biomakers for inflammation

Question 8

adiponectin

Answer 8

(the good adipokine) enhances cell sensitivity to insulin, anti inflammatory & protects against arteriosclerosis increase fat = decreased adiponectin

Question 9

what age population is at highest risk for obesity

Answer 9

40-60 yr olds

Question 10

metabolic syndrome

Answer 10

WC: >40, >35
TAGs: >150 or meds
HDL: <40 (M), <50 (W) or meds
BP: >130 or >85 or meds
FBG: >110 or meds
BMI: >30

Question 11

primary seizures

Answer 11

epilepsy or idiopathic (50% of all cases)

Question 12

secondary seizures

Answer 12

chemical imbalances (BS or drugs) or febrile -> also brain issues

Question 13

what increases seizure threshold

Answer 13

sleeping and meds

Question 14

what decreases seizure threshold

Answer 14

drinking, mencies, missed meds (tramadol) , stress and illness

Question 15

motor seizures

Answer 15

tonic clonic
epileptic spasms

Question 16

non motor seizures

Answer 16

behavior arrest

Question 17

absense seizures

Answer 17

brief loss of awareness w/ spasmodic eye movement for 30 secs

Question 18

tonic clonic seizures

Answer 18

(tonic) prolong skeletal muscle contraction & crying
(clonic) alternating skeletal muscle contraction & relaxation & arms/leg jerks

Question 19

phases of a seizure

Answer 19

prodromal: signs before
aural: sensory warning
ictal: actual seizure
post ictal: recovery

Question 20

status epileptious

Answer 20

multiple seizures w/ no recovery period (30 minutes+), the first time long term damage can occur

Question 21

3 parts of pain

Answer 21

-afferent: movement of the sensation from the PNS to brain)
-interpretive: interpretation of sensation
-efferent: takes message back to PNS and causes pain response

Question 22

nociception

Answer 22

the process of feeling pain or sensation

Question 23

nociceptors

Answer 23

pain receptors what pain meds target

Question 24

what areas of the body do not have pain receptors

Answer 24

brain, alveoli, & deep tissue

Question 25

a delta

Answer 25

myelinated; pain is sharp, cutting, pinched & localized

Question 26

c fibers

Answer 26

nonmyelinated; pain is dull, burning, achy & poorly localized

Question 27

what decreases pain tolerance

Answer 27

repeat exposure & fatigue, anger, boredom

Question 28

what increases pain tolerance

Answer 28

alcohol, chronic opioid use, hypnosis, distraction & religious beliefs

Question 29

what increase pain threshold

Answer 29

stress, exercise and sex

Question 30

acute pain stimulates what that chronic does not

Answer 30

ANS so there is a change in vital signs

Question 31

nociceptive pain

Answer 31

-PNS & outside CNS -activated in response to actual or impending tissue injury -2 types: cutaneous/somatic & visceral

Question 32

neuropathic pain

Answer 32

-inside CNS, the nerves -shooting, burning, shock, sharp, numb, & motor weakness ex) DM neuropathy, phantom limb, trigeminal neuralgia

Question 33

cutaneous / somatic pain

Answer 33

-MS system -constant and achy -well localized ex) fractures, osteo arth, Peri vas disease, incision pain

Question 34

visceral pain

Answer 34

-organs -cramping, splitting, N/V, diaphoresis -poorly localized -**always c fibers** ex) kidney stones, appendicitis, IBS, <3 attack, constipation

Question 35

referred pain

Answer 35

stems for visceral -acute or chronic -felt at a distance from the patho ex) MI gives jaw pain, pancreatitis causes shoulder pain

Question 36

what can A alpha and A beta do

Answer 36

dampen ability for a delta and c fibers to transmit pain (can do this by rubbing, touch, massage, distraction, acupuncture & activity)

Question 37

hyperactive delirium

Answer 37

-disturbance in attention or awareness -2-3 days to develop -seen in ICU, post up, hospitalized elderdly, w/draw -r/t benzo/narc, infection, surgery, hypoxia & lyte imbalance

Question 38

manifestations of hyperactive delirium

Answer 38

restless, irritable, insomnia, difficult to calm down

Question 39

hypoactive delirium

Answer 39

-associated w/ right side frontal basal ganglion disruption -more common w/ metabolic disorders like liver and kidney failure

Question 40

manifestations of hypoactive

Answer 40

decreased alertness & attitude, decreased ability to perception & environment, forgetful, apathetic, slow speech, frequently falls asleep

Question 41

excited delirium

Answer 41

stems form hyper -aggressive and increase breathing rate -can cause death -more common in people who had mental problems

Question 42

fully developed delirium

Answer 42

hallucinations, person completely inattentive, grossly altered perception

Question 43

who is at risk for alzheimers

Answer 43

isolated people, 65+, family hx & genes, down syndrome, lifestyle, head trauma

Question 44

patho of alzheimers

Answer 44

plaque build up in the neurons and neurofibrillary tangles of tau proteins **centralized in the cerebral cortex & hippocampus aka the memory centers**

Question 45

vascular dementia

Answer 45

-r/t cardio dx & clots -risks: DM, HDL, HTN, smoking

Question 46

frontotemporal dementia

Answer 46

-if less then 60y/o then genetic -r/t gene mutation during encoding the tau proteins

Question 47

behavioral syndrome (fronto dem)

Answer 47

changes in personality and judgment

Question 48

progressive non fluent behavior (fronto dem)

Answer 48

problems w/ language and writing

Question 49

semantic (fronto dem)

Answer 49

problems forming words and sentences