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ABSN > patho exam 2 > Flashcards

patho exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

adipose tissue

A

fat

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2
Q

adipocytes

A

fat storing cells, stores kcals as TAGs

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3
Q

leptin

A

appetite & energy (increased fat = increased leptin and people become resistant which leads to overeating)

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4
Q

angiopoitentin - related protein

A

insulin resistance & inflammation

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5
Q

angiotensinogen

A

BP, inflammation, & insulin resistance in lipogenesis

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6
Q

retinol binding protein

A

insulin resistance in muscles

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7
Q

IL-6, TNF alpha

A

biomakers for inflammation

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8
Q

adiponectin

A

(the good adipokine) enhances cell sensitivity to insulin, anti inflammatory & protects against arteriosclerosis increase fat = decreased adiponectin

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9
Q

what age population is at highest risk for obesity

A

40-60 yr olds

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10
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

WC: >40, >35
TAGs: >150 or meds
HDL: <40 (M), <50 (W) or meds
BP: >130 or >85 or meds
FBG: >110 or meds
BMI: >30

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11
Q

primary seizures

A

epilepsy or idiopathic (50% of all cases)

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12
Q

secondary seizures

A

chemical imbalances (BS or drugs) or febrile -> also brain issues

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13
Q

what increases seizure threshold

A

sleeping and meds

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14
Q

what decreases seizure threshold

A

drinking, mencies, missed meds (tramadol) , stress and illness

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15
Q

motor seizures

A

tonic clonic
epileptic spasms

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16
Q

non motor seizures

A

behavior arrest

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17
Q

absense seizures

A

brief loss of awareness w/ spasmodic eye movement for 30 secs

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18
Q

tonic clonic seizures

A

(tonic) prolong skeletal muscle contraction & crying
(clonic) alternating skeletal muscle contraction & relaxation & arms/leg jerks

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19
Q

phases of a seizure

A

prodromal: signs before
aural: sensory warning
ictal: actual seizure
post ictal: recovery

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20
Q

status epileptious

A

multiple seizures w/ no recovery period (30 minutes+), the first time long term damage can occur

21
Q

3 parts of pain

A

-afferent: movement of the sensation from the PNS to brain)
-interpretive: interpretation of sensation
-efferent: takes message back to PNS and causes pain response

22
Q

nociception

A

the process of feeling pain or sensation

23
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors what pain meds target

24
Q

what areas of the body do not have pain receptors

A

brain, alveoli, & deep tissue

25
Q

a delta

A

myelinated; pain is sharp, cutting, pinched & localized

26
Q

c fibers

A

nonmyelinated; pain is dull, burning, achy & poorly localized

27
Q

what decreases pain tolerance

A

repeat exposure & fatigue, anger, boredom

28
Q

what increases pain tolerance

A

alcohol, chronic opioid use, hypnosis, distraction & religious beliefs

29
Q

what increase pain threshold

A

stress, exercise and sex

30
Q

acute pain stimulates what that chronic does not

A

ANS so there is a change in vital signs

31
Q

nociceptive pain

A

-PNS & outside CNS
-activated in response to actual or impending tissue injury
-2 types: cutaneous/somatic & visceral

32
Q

neuropathic pain

A

-inside CNS, the nerves
-shooting, burning, shock, sharp, numb, & motor weakness
ex) DM neuropathy, phantom limb, trigeminal neuralgia

33
Q

cutaneous / somatic pain

A

-MS system
-constant and achy
-well localized
ex) fractures, osteo arth, Peri vas disease, incision pain

34
Q

visceral pain

A

-organs
-cramping, splitting, N/V, diaphoresis
-poorly localized
-always c fibers
ex) kidney stones, appendicitis, IBS, <3 attack, constipation

35
Q

referred pain

A

stems for visceral
-acute or chronic
-felt at a distance from the patho
ex) MI gives jaw pain, pancreatitis causes shoulder pain

36
Q

what can A alpha and A beta do

A

dampen ability for a delta and c fibers to transmit pain (can do this by rubbing, touch, massage, distraction, acupuncture & activity)

37
Q

hyperactive delirium

A

-disturbance in attention or awareness
-2-3 days to develop
-seen in ICU, post up, hospitalized elderdly, w/draw
-r/t benzo/narc, infection, surgery, hypoxia & lyte imbalance

38
Q

manifestations of hyperactive delirium

A

restless, irritable, insomnia, difficult to calm down

39
Q

hypoactive delirium

A

-associated w/ right side frontal basal ganglion disruption
-more common w/ metabolic disorders like liver and kidney failure

40
Q

manifestations of hypoactive

A

decreased alertness & attitude, decreased ability to perception & environment, forgetful, apathetic, slow speech, frequently falls asleep

41
Q

excited delirium

A

stems form hyper
-aggressive and increase breathing rate
-can cause death
-more common in people who had mental problems

42
Q

fully developed delirium

A

hallucinations, person completely inattentive, grossly altered perception

43
Q

who is at risk for alzheimers

A

isolated people, 65+, family hx & genes, down syndrome, lifestyle, head trauma

44
Q

patho of alzheimers

A

plaque build up in the neurons and neurofibrillary tangles of tau proteins centralized in the cerebral cortex & hippocampus aka the memory centers

45
Q

vascular dementia

A

-r/t cardio dx & clots
-risks: DM, HDL, HTN, smoking

46
Q

frontotemporal dementia

A

-if less then 60y/o then genetic
-r/t gene mutation during encoding the tau proteins

47
Q

behavioral syndrome (fronto dem)

A

changes in personality and judgment

48
Q

progressive non fluent behavior (fronto dem)

A

problems w/ language and writing

49
Q

semantic (fronto dem)

A

problems forming words and sentences

ABSN (35 decks)

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