visual & sensory - patho -E2

Question 1

cataracts

Answer 1

-cloudy lens
-gradual onset of painless blurry vision
-if untreated can lead to blindness

Question 2

cataracts risk factors (6)

Answer 2

-older age
-eye trauma
-congenital risk
-DM
-corticosteroid use
-smoking & ETOH consumption

Question 3

cataract manifestations

Answer 3

-painless
-uni or bilater vision changes: blurry, halo around lights, altered color perceptions, glare issues at night, decreased accommodation

Question 4

cataract treatment

Answer 4

surgical

Question 5

diabetic retinopathy - non proliferative

Answer 5

-capillary micro aneurysms, retinal swelling, hard exudate
-macular edema (plasma leaks from macular blood vessels)
-capillaries rupture, leading to “dot or blot” hemorrhaging

Question 6

diabetic retinopathy - proliferative

Answer 6

-advanced retinopathy (include sx of non pro)
-new blood vessels are fragile & leaky

Question 7

HTN retinopathy

Answer 7

high BP creates blockages in retinal blood vessels -> initially no vision changes but if sustained can cause sudden visual loss d/t swelling of the optic disc & nerve
normal vision is restored w/ treatment of htn

Question 8

retinal detachement

Answer 8

-retina has a tear or leak
-vitreous humor flows behind the retina
-rapid, progressive detachment from the choroid

Question 9

retinal detachement etiology

Answer 9

spontaneous & more likely to occur w/ people who have myopia (near sighted, can’t see far)

Question 10

retinal detachment risk factors (4)

Answer 10

-over 40
-traumas to the head
-eye tumors
-complication or hx of cataract surgery

Question 11

retinal detachment manifestations

Answer 11

-sudden, unilateral vision loss
-painless
-may see floaters
-flashes of light

Question 12

age related macular degeneration is the

Answer 12

most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60

Question 13

age related macular degeneration: dry

Answer 13

-most common
-yellow deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium

Question 14

age related macular degeneration: wet

Answer 14

-exudative
-get new blood vessels & hemorrhage around the macular area which can cause more issues

Question 15

age related macular degeneration risk factors (6)

Answer 15

-family hx
-genetics
-UV light (pilots, lots of sun)
-hyperopia (far sighted)
-smoking
-light colored eyes

Question 16

what foods are protective against age related macular degeneration

Answer 16

dark green, leafy vegetables

Question 17

macular degeneration manifestations

Answer 17

-early: asym
-late: blurred, darkened vision, blind spots (scotomas), distorted vision (metamorphopsia )

Question 18

macular degeneration treatment

Answer 18

limited, can injected medicine into eyes

Question 19

glaucoma

Answer 19

-elevated intraocular pressure + vision changes OR optic nerve damage
-chronic condition usually affecting both eyes
-two types: open & closed angle

Question 20

risk factors for open angle glaucoma (8)

Answer 20

-elevated IOP
-age (older)
-race (AA)
-family hx
-myopia (near sighted)
-DM, HTN, migraines

Question 21

open angle glaucoma pathogenesis

Answer 21

abnormal trabecular meshwork causing reduced drainage of the aqueous humor into the canal of schlemm which causes an imbalance between inflow & outflow (increased IOP)

Question 22

open angle glaucoma manifestations

Answer 22

-none in early stages
-progressive loss of sight
-vague eye pain
-halos around lights
-tunnel vision

Question 23

closed angle glaucoma

Answer 23

(much less common)
abnormal angle between the iris & later cornea that causes outflow to be blocked completely when the pupil is dilated

Question 24

closed angle glaucoma risk factors (5)

Answer 24

-asian
-females
-hyperopia
-family hx
-older age

Question 25

acute angle closure glaucoma is

Answer 25

an emergency & outcome is based on time from onset to treatment

Question 26

what is the biggest trigger to acute angle closure glaucoma

Answer 26

anticholinergic drugs (antihis / cold medicines, anxiety , motion sickness, ect)

Question 27

acute angle closure glaucoma clinical manifestations

Answer 27

-unilateral -severe eye pain -N/v -blurry vision, halos -reddened eyes -dilated pupil that is non reactive to light -cloudy cornea

Question 28

glaucoma & blindness

Answer 28

-all types if not treated can cause it -more pressure on inner eye structures -decreased blood flow to optic nerve -nerve fiber death lead to blindess

Question 29

what do we need for glaucoma pharmacotherapy

Answer 29

-drugs that decrease aqueous humor production -increase aqueous humor drainage or both **acute angle crisis must be treated w/ surgical intervention**

Question 30

meniere disease

Answer 30

-endolympathic hydrops -episodic disorder of the middle eat -can be uni or bi lat -excessive endolymph & pressure in the membranes disrupt vestibular & hearing function

Question 31

meniere disease clinical manifestations

Answer 31

-recurring episodes of veritgo w/ N/v -hearing loss -ringing in the ears -feeling of fullness

Question 32

meniere disease treatment

Answer 32

treat the symptoms -diet changes bc can be triggered by caffeine, alc, stress, MSGs & allergies & **all require Na restriction**