Accessory Digestive Organs

Question 1

What are the major functions of the liver?

Answer 1

• detoxification of metabloic waste
• detoxification of drugs and toxins
• destruction of senescent RBC
• recycling of Hb via synthesis of bile
• synthesis of plasma proteins
• miscellaneous metabolic functions

Question 2

Oxygenated blood supplied to liver by __________

Answer 2

hepatic artery (branch of celiac)

Question 2

Products of digestion enter liver via _____________

Answer 2

hepatic portal vein (75-80% of blood to liver)

Question 2

The liver is a nutrient rich but ____ poor environment?

Answer 2

O2

Question 3

The hepatic artery carries only _______ percent of blood to the liver.

Answer 3

20-25%

Question 4

What is the pattern of venous drainage of lobules via…

Answer 4

central vein -> hepatic vein -> IVC

Question 5

What are the four types of cells in the liver?

Answer 5

1. hepatocytes
2. endothelial cells
3. kupffer cells
4. stellate cells

Question 6

What is the function of the hepatocytes of the liver?

Answer 6

• main functional cell
• arranged in plates or cores around sinusoids

Question 7

Where are the endothelial cells of the liver located?

Answer 7

line the sinusoids

Question 8

What is the function of the kupffer cells in the liver?

Answer 8

liver-specific macrophages

Question 9

What is the function of the stellate cells in the liver?

Answer 9

storage of vitamin A

Question 10

What type of ploid are hepatocytes?

Answer 10

most are diploid but some are polyploid and binucleate

Question 11

What do hepatocytes contain?

Answer 11

• large # of cytoplasmic granules
• rER and lysosomal products
• storage products

Question 12

What do aging hepatocytes accumulate?

Answer 12

brown pigment; lipofuscin

Question 13

What is the hepatic architecture of the hepatocyte?

Answer 13

• polyhedral
• round nucleus
• displaced chromatin
• prominent nucleolus

Question 14

What are individual hepatocytes arranged in?

Answer 14

anastomosing cords (paralleled by venous sinusoids)

Question 15

What are the sinusoids in the liver lined by?

Answer 15

sinusoidal lining cells

Question 16

Hepatic cords and sinusoids are supported by what?

Answer 16

meshwork of reticulin fibers (type 3 collagen)

Question 17

What type of cells are within sinusoids and space of Disse and are phagocytic?

Answer 17

kupffer cells

Question 18

What cells are occasionally located between hepatocytes?

Answer 18

stellate or ito cells

Question 19

What is the function of stellate/ito cells?

Answer 19

fat-storing cells containing lipid droplets, used for vitamin A and D storage

Question 20

What cells have cytoplasm that becomes packed with black carbon particles?

Answer 20

kupffer cells

Question 21

What are the characteristics of kupffer cells?

Answer 21

• oval nuclei
• closley associated with sinusoidal spaces

Question 22

What are the functions of the kuppfer cells?

Answer 22

• remove foreign particles
• destroy old RBC (with the spleen)

Question 23

If the liver is injured what cell becomes a transition cell and is capable of synthesising collagen type I, III, IV, and laminin?

Answer 23

stellate

Question 24

What are hepatic sinusoids?

Answer 24

- thin, discontinous, highly fenestrated endothelium that does not rest on a basement membrane

Question 25

What separates the hepatic sinusoids from the hepatocytes?

Answer 25

space of Disse or perisinusoidal space

Question 26

What does the space of Disse contain?

Answer 26

- blood plasma - microvilli of hepatocytes

Question 27

What do the low resistant vascular channels in the hepatic sinusoids allow for?

Answer 27

allows blood to come into contact with hepatocytes over a large surface area

Question 28

Where is bile made and secreted?

Answer 28

- made by hepatocytes - secreted into bile canaliculi between cells

Question 29

What is a classic lobule?

Answer 29

- based on blood flow - roughly hexagonal - central vein in the middle

Question 30

What is around the classic lobule?

Answer 30

thin, connective tissue septum

Question 31

What is a portal tract?

Answer 31

- located at each corner - contains hepatic artery, portal vein, lymph, and bile duct

Question 32

Blood enters from portal tracts and travels through sinusoids of lobule and then drains via ________?

Answer 32

central vein

Question 33

What is a portal lobule?

Answer 33

- triangular area - based on bile flow

Question 34

What is the diamond-shaped region between two central veins?

Answer 34

acinus

Question 35

How are the central veins and portal tracts related in liver acini?

Answer 35

central veins located along longitudinal axis with portal tracts at sides

Question 36

What zone of the hepatic acini is closest to portal tract and recieves the most oxygenated blood?

Answer 36

zone 1

Question 37

What zone of the hepatic acini is the intermediate zone?

Answer 37

zone 2

Question 38

What zone of the hepatic acini is most susceptible to toxic injury?

Answer 38

zone 1

Question 39

What zone of the hepatic acini is furthest from the portal tract and receives the least oxygenated blood?

Answer 39

zone 3

Question 40

What zone of the hepatic acini is the most susceptible to ischemic injury?

Answer 40

zone 3

Question 41

How does the liver function in detoxification of various drugs, toxins, and metabolites?

Answer 41

microsomal mixed function oxidase system of sER or peroxidases of peroxisomes (P450 system)

Question 42

What are the characteristics of cirrhosis?

Answer 42

-hepatic degeneration and necrosis - fibrosis and nodular regeneration - portal hypertension - due to repeated insults or chornic disease

Question 43

What is the muscular sac located in depression along surface of lvier?

Answer 43

gallbladder

Question 44

What is the gallbladder lined by?

Answer 44

simple columnar epithelium with apical microvilli

Question 45

What layer does the gallbladder lack?

Answer 45

muscularis mucosae

Question 46

What stimulates contraction of gallbladder?

Answer 46

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Question 47

What is the volume that the gallbladder can hold?

Answer 47

100 mL

Question 48

What is the best known bile pigment that is non-soluble?

Answer 48

bilirubin

Question 49

What is jaundice?

Answer 49

accumulation of bile pigments (failure to absorb bilirubin or failure to conjugate it)

Question 50

What leads to gallstones?

Answer 50

supersaturation of bile

Question 51

What can obstruction of bile ducts (choledocolithiasis) cause?

Answer 51

bile stasis jaundice (icterus)

Question 52

What is cholecystitis?

Answer 52

chronic inflmmation of gallbladder

Question 53

What are the components of bile?

Answer 53

water, ions, electrolytes, cholesterol+ phospholipids, bile acids, and bile pigments

Question 54

Where is the ductless endocrine pancreatic tissue located?

Answer 54

islets of Langerhans

Question 55

What type of gland is the exocrine in the pancreas?

Answer 55

compound, acinar, serous gland

Question 56

What do acinar cells contain?

Answer 56

zymogen granules

Question 57

What are some exocrine products from the pancreas?

Answer 57

trypsinogen chymotrypsinogen amylase lipase

Question 58

Where do exocrine products of the pancreas empty into?

Answer 58

intercalated ducts

Question 59

What are the beginning of intercalated ducts in the center of acini called?

Answer 59

centro-acinar cells

Question 60

Where do interacalated ducts empty?

Answer 60

larger intralobular ducts

Question 61

Where do intralobular ducts empty?

Answer 61

larger interlobular(extralobular) ducts

Question 62

Where do pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum?

Answer 62

pancreatic duct at the major duodenal papilla

Question 63

What are the pancreatic regulation of polypeptide hormones?

Answer 63

1 secreted by stomach (gastrin) 3 secreted by duodenum (secretin, CCK, enterokinase)

Question 64

What hormone stimulates secretion of pancreatic fluid?

Answer 64

gastrin (G cells of pyloric stomach)

Question 65

What hormone stimulates secretion of bicarb by cells of intercalated discs?

Answer 65

secretin (S cells)

Question 66

What hormone stimulates acinar cells to secrete zymogens?

Answer 66

CCK

Question 67

What hormone converts trypsinogen to trypsin which in turn converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotripsin?

Answer 67

enterokinase

Question 68

What is the autodigestion of pancreas brought on by alcoholism?

Answer 68

pancreatitis (can be fatal within hours)

Question 69

What causes pancreatitis?

Answer 69

premature conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin and autolysis

Question 70

Someone help me with the two blood flow in the liver slides?

Answer 70

I don't know how to make them notecards and I kinda don't get it