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Histology Lecture 3 > Accessory Digestive Organs > Flashcards

Accessory Digestive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the liver?

A
  • detoxification of metabloic waste
  • detoxification of drugs and toxins
  • destruction of senescent RBC
  • recycling of Hb via synthesis of bile
  • synthesis of plasma proteins
  • miscellaneous metabolic functions
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2
Q

Oxygenated blood supplied to liver by __________

A

hepatic artery (branch of celiac)

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2
Q

Products of digestion enter liver via _____________

A

hepatic portal vein (75-80% of blood to liver)

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2
Q

The liver is a nutrient rich but ____ poor environment?

A

O2

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3
Q

The hepatic artery carries only _______ percent of blood to the liver.

A

20-25%

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4
Q

What is the pattern of venous drainage of lobules via…

A

central vein -> hepatic vein -> IVC

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5
Q

What are the four types of cells in the liver?

A
  1. hepatocytes
  2. endothelial cells
  3. kupffer cells
  4. stellate cells
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6
Q

What is the function of the hepatocytes of the liver?

A
  • main functional cell
  • arranged in plates or cores around sinusoids
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7
Q

Where are the endothelial cells of the liver located?

A

line the sinusoids

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8
Q

What is the function of the kupffer cells in the liver?

A

liver-specific macrophages

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9
Q

What is the function of the stellate cells in the liver?

A

storage of vitamin A

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10
Q

What type of ploid are hepatocytes?

A

most are diploid but some are polyploid and binucleate

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11
Q

What do hepatocytes contain?

A
  • large # of cytoplasmic granules
  • rER and lysosomal products
  • storage products
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12
Q

What do aging hepatocytes accumulate?

A

brown pigment; lipofuscin

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13
Q

What is the hepatic architecture of the hepatocyte?

A
  • polyhedral
  • round nucleus
  • displaced chromatin
  • prominent nucleolus
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14
Q

What are individual hepatocytes arranged in?

A

anastomosing cords (paralleled by venous sinusoids)

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15
Q

What are the sinusoids in the liver lined by?

A

sinusoidal lining cells

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16
Q

Hepatic cords and sinusoids are supported by what?

A

meshwork of reticulin fibers (type 3 collagen)

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17
Q

What type of cells are within sinusoids and space of Disse and are phagocytic?

A

kupffer cells

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18
Q

What cells are occasionally located between hepatocytes?

A

stellate or ito cells

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19
Q

What is the function of stellate/ito cells?

A

fat-storing cells containing lipid droplets, used for vitamin A and D storage

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20
Q

What cells have cytoplasm that becomes packed with black carbon particles?

A

kupffer cells

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of kupffer cells?

A
  • oval nuclei
  • closley associated with sinusoidal spaces
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22
Q

What are the functions of the kuppfer cells?

A
  • remove foreign particles
  • destroy old RBC (with the spleen)
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23
Q

If the liver is injured what cell becomes a transition cell and is capable of synthesising collagen type I, III, IV, and laminin?

A

stellate

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24
Q

What are hepatic sinusoids?

A
  • thin, discontinous, highly fenestrated endothelium that does not rest on a basement membrane
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25
Q

What separates the hepatic sinusoids from the hepatocytes?

A

space of Disse or perisinusoidal space

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26
Q

What does the space of Disse contain?

A
  • blood plasma
  • microvilli of hepatocytes
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27
Q

What do the low resistant vascular channels in the hepatic sinusoids allow for?

A

allows blood to come into contact with hepatocytes over a large surface area

28
Q

Where is bile made and secreted?

A
  • made by hepatocytes
  • secreted into bile canaliculi between cells
29
Q

What is a classic lobule?

A
  • based on blood flow
  • roughly hexagonal
  • central vein in the middle
30
Q

What is around the classic lobule?

A

thin, connective tissue septum

31
Q

What is a portal tract?

A
  • located at each corner
  • contains hepatic artery, portal vein, lymph, and bile duct
32
Q

Blood enters from portal tracts and travels through sinusoids of lobule and then drains via ________?

A

central vein

33
Q

What is a portal lobule?

A
  • triangular area
  • based on bile flow
34
Q

What is the diamond-shaped region between two central veins?

A

acinus

35
Q

How are the central veins and portal tracts related in liver acini?

A

central veins located along longitudinal axis with portal tracts at sides

36
Q

What zone of the hepatic acini is closest to portal tract and recieves the most oxygenated blood?

A

zone 1

37
Q

What zone of the hepatic acini is the intermediate zone?

A

zone 2

38
Q

What zone of the hepatic acini is most susceptible to toxic injury?

A

zone 1

39
Q

What zone of the hepatic acini is furthest from the portal tract and receives the least oxygenated blood?

A

zone 3

40
Q

What zone of the hepatic acini is the most susceptible to ischemic injury?

A

zone 3

41
Q

How does the liver function in detoxification of various drugs, toxins, and metabolites?

A

microsomal mixed function oxidase system of sER or peroxidases of peroxisomes (P450 system)

42
Q

What are the characteristics of cirrhosis?

A

-hepatic degeneration and necrosis
- fibrosis and nodular regeneration
- portal hypertension
- due to repeated insults or chornic disease

43
Q

What is the muscular sac located in depression along surface of lvier?

A

gallbladder

44
Q

What is the gallbladder lined by?

A

simple columnar epithelium with apical microvilli

45
Q

What layer does the gallbladder lack?

A

muscularis mucosae

46
Q

What stimulates contraction of gallbladder?

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

47
Q

What is the volume that the gallbladder can hold?

A

100 mL

48
Q

What is the best known bile pigment that is non-soluble?

A

bilirubin

49
Q

What is jaundice?

A

accumulation of bile pigments (failure to absorb bilirubin or failure to conjugate it)

50
Q

What leads to gallstones?

A

supersaturation of bile

51
Q

What can obstruction of bile ducts (choledocolithiasis) cause?

A

bile stasis
jaundice (icterus)

52
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

chronic inflmmation of gallbladder

53
Q

What are the components of bile?

A

water, ions, electrolytes, cholesterol+ phospholipids, bile acids, and bile pigments

54
Q

Where is the ductless endocrine pancreatic tissue located?

A

islets of Langerhans

55
Q

What type of gland is the exocrine in the pancreas?

A

compound, acinar, serous gland

56
Q

What do acinar cells contain?

A

zymogen granules

57
Q

What are some exocrine products from the pancreas?

A

trypsinogen
chymotrypsinogen
amylase
lipase

58
Q

Where do exocrine products of the pancreas empty into?

A

intercalated ducts

59
Q

What are the beginning of intercalated ducts in the center of acini called?

A

centro-acinar cells

60
Q

Where do interacalated ducts empty?

A

larger intralobular ducts

61
Q

Where do intralobular ducts empty?

A

larger interlobular(extralobular) ducts

62
Q

Where do pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum?

A

pancreatic duct at the major duodenal papilla

63
Q

What are the pancreatic regulation of polypeptide hormones?

A

1 secreted by stomach (gastrin)
3 secreted by duodenum (secretin, CCK, enterokinase)

64
Q

What hormone stimulates secretion of pancreatic fluid?

A

gastrin (G cells of pyloric stomach)

65
Q

What hormone stimulates secretion of bicarb by cells of intercalated discs?

A

secretin (S cells)

66
Q

What hormone stimulates acinar cells to secrete zymogens?

A

CCK

67
Q

What hormone converts trypsinogen to trypsin which in turn converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotripsin?

A

enterokinase

68
Q

What is the autodigestion of pancreas brought on by alcoholism?

A

pancreatitis (can be fatal within hours)

69
Q

What causes pancreatitis?

A

premature conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin and autolysis

70
Q

Someone help me with the two blood flow in the liver slides?

A

I don’t know how to make them notecards and I kinda don’t get it

Histology Lecture 3 (10 decks)

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