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Histology Lecture 3 > Small and Large Intestine > Flashcards

Small and Large Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

How long are the small intestines?

A

4-6 m in humans

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2
Q

What process is completed in the small intestine?

A

absorption and completion of digestion

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3
Q

What are valve-like folds or rings in the small intestine?

A

plicae circulares

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4
Q

What is the function of the plicae circulares?

A

increase the surface area in the small intestine

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5
Q

What is on the mucosal surface of the small intestine?

A

villi

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6
Q

What is the core of the villi of the mucosal surface?

A

lamina propria

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7
Q

What is the space between the villi called?

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn

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8
Q

What lines the intestinal epithelium?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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9
Q

What is Celiac disease?

A

allergy to the wheat protein gluten (causes villus blunting, atrophy, and loss)

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10
Q

What can celiac disease lead to?

A

malabsorption and weight loss (not a real symptom according to M Cole)

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11
Q

What is intraepithelial lymphocytes?

A

the prescence of lymphocytes epithelial cells

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12
Q

What are the three functional zones in the epithelium of the small intestine?

A
  1. villi
  2. crypts
  3. neck (where villi and crypt meet)
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13
Q

What are the five cell types of the small intestine?

A
  1. enterocytes
  2. mucous cells
  3. paneth cells
  4. endocrine cells
  5. stem cells
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14
Q

What are the characteristrics of enterocytes?

A
  • mucosal cells
  • tall columnar cells
  • round/oval nuclei
  • microvilli (brush border)
  • protective glycocalyx coating
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15
Q

What separates enterocytes from luminal surface?

A

desmosomes and tight junctions

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16
Q

What do the lateral walls of enterocytes have?

A

complex interdigitations

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of mucous cells in the small intestine?

A
  • goblet cells
  • found in upper 2/3 of crypt
  • synthesize mucinogen
  • least frequent in duodenum (most in ileum)
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of paneth cells?

A
  • found at the base of crypts
  • large eosinophilic granules
  • produce defensins (antibacterial proteins)
  • produce lysozyme
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of enteroendocrine cells?

A
  • mainly in lower 1/3 of crypt
  • pale-stainingcytoplasm
  • broad at base and narrow at lumen
  • regulate GI motility and secretion
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20
Q

What are the different types of enteroendocrine cells?

A

S
I
A
K

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21
Q

What do S enteroendocrine cells do?

A

secrete secretin (stimulates release of bicarb from pancreas)

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22
Q

What do I enteroendocrine cells do?

A

secrete cholecystekinin/CKK (stimulates pancreatic secretion and contraction of gallbladder)

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23
Q

What do A enteroendocrine cells do?

A

secrete glucagon (increases blood sugar)

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24
Q

What do K enteroendocrine cells do?

A

secrete GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)

25
Q

What are the characteristics of stem cells in the small intestine?

A
  • located at base of crypt
  • migrate up villus, mature, and shed
26
Q

The entire epithelial lining is replaced roughly every?

A

3-5 days

27
Q

What is the lamina propria made of in small intestine?

A

collagen, reticular fibers, fibroblasts, GAGs

28
Q

Where is the lamina propria located in the small intestine?

A

clearly seen in the core of the villi but also around gland crypts

29
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats (she didn’t really have the definition on her slide)

30
Q

Where is MALT located in the small intestine?

A

lamina propria and submucosa

31
Q

What does MALT contain?

A
  • lymphocytes (T)
  • plasma cells (secrete IgA)
  • eosinophils
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • M cells (antigen sampling)
  • peyer’s patches
32
Q

What area of the small intestine has brunner’s glands in the submucosa?

A

duodenum

33
Q

What are the characteristics of brunner’s glands?

A
  • highly convoluted branched, tubuloalveolar submucosal glands
34
Q

What do brunner’s glands secrete?

A
  • mucus (alkalin; protect against stomach acid contents)
  • zymogens
35
Q

What is the main function of the duodenum?

A

neutralize gastric acid and pepsin (assisted by pancreas and gallbladder)

36
Q

Where in the small intestine are peyer’s patches located?

A

ileum

37
Q

What are the four cell types in the large intestine?

A
  1. columnar cells
  2. mucous cells
  3. endocrine cells
  4. stem cells
38
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • modifies fluid content of feces
  • specialized for mucous secretion
  • salt and water absorption
39
Q

What does the large intestine lack?

A

DOES NOT HAVE
villi
plicae circulares
brunner’s glands

40
Q

What is the primary function of the colon?

A

water and electrolyte resorption; produces mucus for elimination of undigested food and waste

41
Q

What are the characteristics of the columnar cells of the large instestine?

A
  • mainly columnar with little mucin
  • absorb soluble satl and water
42
Q

What are the characteristics of the mucous cells of the large instestine?

A
  • goblet cells
  • present throughout the colon but the type of mucus can change
43
Q

How does MALT appear in the large intestine?

A
  • does not form peyer’s patches
44
Q

Are there lacteals in the small intestine or large intestine?

A

only small

45
Q

What are some characteristics of the colon?

A
  • large # of commensal bacteria
  • outer longitudinal muscle layer is incomplete (forms 3 longitudinal strips, taenia coli)
  • formation of haustra
46
Q

What is the small, blind-ended sac that is distal to the ielo-cecal junciton?

A

appendix

47
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A
  • vestigial cecum
  • used for bacterial digestion in herbivores
  • contains a large amount of MALT and is more active in children
48
Q

What is a polyp (adenoma) in the GI?

A

any mass arising from the wall of the colon that protrudes into the lumen

49
Q

What is treatment for colon cancer (adenocarcinoma)?

A

surgical removal

50
Q

What decreases the risk of colon cancer?

A

increase in roughage and fiber in the diet (decrease transit time and increase GI motility)

51
Q

How can you prevent/catch colon cancer?

A

New test kits for early detection; detect tumor Ab; also colonoscopy screening over 50

52
Q

What are the characteristics of the rectum?

A
  • contains transverse rectal folds and mucus glands
  • simple columnar epithelium
53
Q

What does the epithelium transition to in rectum to the anus?

A

simple columnar epithelium (rectum)
stratified squamous epithelium (anal canal)

54
Q

What are the characteristics of the anal canal?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • longitudinal folds called anal columns
  • anal glands (extend into submucosa and muscularis externa)
  • external opening; exit of GI
55
Q

What are the internal and external anal sphincters made of?

A

surrounded by muscle
- external = voluntary, skeletal M
- internal = involunary, smooth M

56
Q

What does occasional enlargment and irritaion of submucosal veins in the anal canal lead to?

A

hemorrhoids (varicose veins)

57
Q

Where can hemorrhoids of the GI develop?

A

inside the rectum (internal hemorrhoids) or under the skin around the anus (external hemorrhoids)

58
Q

Where is the referred pain with internal hemorrhoids?

A

follows autonomics, diffuse

59
Q

Where is the referred pain with external hemorrhoids?

A

somatic pain, sharp and well-localized

Histology Lecture 3 (10 decks)

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