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Histology Lecture 3 > Upper GI > Flashcards

Upper GI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five phases of breakdown of food?

A

ingestion, fragmentation, digestion, absorption, and elimination

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2
Q

What occurs in the oral cavity (in digestion)?

A

ingestion, accompanied by fragmentation, resulting in bolus formation

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3
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

completes fragmentation and initiate digestion

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4
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

contraction of smooth muscle under autonomic control

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5
Q

What causes emulsification of fat?

A

duodenum, pancreatic, and biliary secretion

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6
Q

Where does absorption of nutrients occur?

A

jejunum and ileum

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7
Q

Where does absorption of water and elimination of waste occur?

A

colon

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8
Q

Where does ingestion and begining of fragmentation occur?

A

oral cavity

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9
Q

Where does fragmentation complete and digestion begins?

A

stomach

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10
Q

What anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

lingual frenulum

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11
Q

What does too short of a frenulum cause?

A

ankyloglossia/ tongue tied

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract?

A
  • muscular tube lined by mucus membrane
  • large # of glands
  • diffuse lymphoid tissue (MALT, GALT)
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13
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa (adventitia)

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14
Q

What is the function of the mucosa layer of GI?

A

protection, secretion, absorption

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15
Q

What are the subdivisions of the mucosa layer of the GI?

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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16
Q

There are different types of mucosa depending on what?

A

different functions for different locations

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17
Q

What layer of the GI surrounds the lumen of the GI?

A

mucosa

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18
Q

What layer of the mucosa is a thin cell layer?

A

epithelium

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19
Q

What layer of the mucosa is a thin layer of connective tissue?

A

lamina propria

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20
Q

What layer of the mucosa is a thin layer of smooth muscle that supports the mucosa and provides the ability to move and fold?

A

muscularis mucosa

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21
Q

What are the four types of mucosal variation?

A

protective mucosa
secretory mucosa
absorptive mucosa
absorptive/protective mucosa

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of the protective mucosa?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • in oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal
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23
Q

What are the characteristics of the secretory mucosa?

A
  • responsible for the secretion of digestive enzymes
  • only in stomach
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24
Q

What are the characteristics of the absorptive mucosa?

A

-contains crypts and villi
- responsible for absorbing digested nutrients
- in the small intestine
(along the entry of the small intestine)

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of the absorptive/protective mucosa?

A
  • water absorption
  • mucous secretion
  • in large intestine
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26
Q

Where are the four points in which the mucosa layer of GI undergoes abrupt transition from one type to another?

A
  • gastro-esophageal junction
  • gastroduodenal junction,
  • ileocecal junction
  • anorectal junction
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27
Q

What are the characteristics of the epithelium layer of mucosa GI?

A
  • different modifications are different levels of GI tract
  • thin layer of cells
28
Q

What are the characteristics of the lamina propria layer of mucosa GI?

A
  • underlying connective tissue
  • contains lymphoid nodules, glands, blood vessels, and lymphatics
29
Q

What are the characteristics of the muscularis mucosae layer of the mucosa GI?

A
  • thin layer of smooth muscle
  • boundary between mucosa and submucosa layers
30
Q

What is the submucosa of the GI tract?

A

thick connective tissue layer that contains arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves

31
Q

What is the muscularis externa of the GI tract?

A

surrounds the submucosa and is composed of two muscle layers, the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
-move perpendicular to each other

32
Q

What plexus is located in the submucosa layer of GI?

A

Meissner’s Plexus

33
Q

What plexus is located in the muscularis propria (externa) layer of GI?

A

Auerbach’s (myenteric) plexus

34
Q

What layer of the GI tract is thick connective tissue layer tha contains arteries, veins, lymph, and nerves?

A

submucosa

35
Q

What layer of the GI tract surrounds the submucosa and is composed of two muscle layers (inner circular and outer longitudinal)?

A

muscularis externa

36
Q

What do the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa allow for?

A

layers move perpendicularly to one another and formt he basis of peristalsis

37
Q

What layer of the GI tract consists of connective tissue with blood vessles, nerves, and fat?

A

Adventitia/serosa

38
Q

What is the adventitia/serosa layer of the GI lined by in the peritoneal cavity?

A

mesothelium

39
Q

What allows for local contraction (mixing of food in either direction)?

A

segmentation

40
Q

What propels food distally only?

A

peristalsis

41
Q

What layer of the GI tract is continous with the supporting mesentery?

A

adventitia/serosa

42
Q

Smooth muscle of the gut is controlled by ________________

A

autonomic nervous system

43
Q

Parasympathetics in the gut are __________

A

excitatory

44
Q

Sympathetics in the gut are __________

A

inhibitory

45
Q

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia located in the GI tract?

A

within the walls of the gut (submucosa and muscularis externa)

46
Q

Clusters of parasympathetic ganglia within submucosa; called _______ ______

A

Meissner’s plexus

47
Q

Larger clusters located between inner circular & outer longitudinal Mm layers called __________ _____________

A

myenteric/Auerbach’s plexus

48
Q

What two layers is the Auerbach’s plexus between?

A

between the circular muscle and longitudinal muscle layers of the muscularis externa

49
Q

key difference between Meissner’s and Auerbach’s plexus:

A

Meissners is in the submucosal where Auerbachs is between the circular and longitudinal layers

50
Q

Anatomical position of the esophagus?

A

travel through the mediastinum and pierce the diaphragm

51
Q

Where does the esophagus meet the stomach?

A

cardiac orifice

52
Q

What type of epithelium is the esophagus lined by?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

53
Q

Where is the site of GERD and the site of most esopageal cancers?

A

the distal/bottom of the esophagus

54
Q

What prevents air from entering the esophagus?

A

resting muscle tone in the circular muscle layer in the superior 3cm of esophagus

55
Q

What prevents backflow from stomach into the esophagus?

A

resting muscle tone at the inferior end of esophagus (not an actual sphincter)

56
Q

What type of muscle is in the thirds of the esophagus?

A

upper third - skeletal muscle (voluntary)
middle third - skeletal and smooth
lower third - smooth muscle

57
Q

What is the protrustion of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through a tear of weakness in diaphragm?

A

hiatus hernia
or
hiatal hernia

58
Q

What are the different types of hiatus hernia?

A

sliding - 90%
rolling - 5%
mixed - 5%

59
Q

What type of hiatus hernia is rare?

A

congenital esophageal hernias

60
Q

What is the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach?

A

gastroesophgaeal sphincter

61
Q

What is the junction between the esophagus and stomach called?

A

gastro-esophageal junction

62
Q

What is pyrosis?

A

“heartburn”
- regurgitation of stomach acid into distal esophagus from cardia of stomach

63
Q

What is Barrett’s esophagus?

A
  • a serious complication of GERD
  • acid from stomach changes the esophagus lining (stratified squamous to simple columnar)
  • increase the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma
64
Q

What are the symptoms of esophageal cancer?

A
  • difficutly and pain when swallowing
  • pressure/burning in chest
  • indigestion/heartburn
  • vomiting
  • frequent choking
  • unexplained weight loss
  • coughing/hoarseness
  • pain behind the breastbone
65
Q

What are risk factors for esophageal cancer?

A

smoking, poorly controlled acid reflux, gum disease

66
Q

Esophageal cancer is treatable but rarely curable. The 5 year survival rate ranges from _______ to ________%

A

5-30%

Histology Lecture 3 (10 decks)

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