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Histology Lecture 3 > Urinary System part 2 > Flashcards

Urinary System part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the proximal convoluted tubule start in the glomerulus?

A

urinary pole

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2
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule is where _______ % of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed.

A

70%
majority

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3
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tubule turn into in the medulla/medullary ray?

A

loop of henle

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4
Q

The loop of henle is continuous with what in the cortex?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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5
Q

What tube in the kidney travels from the cortex into the medulla and the back to the cortex?

A

loop of henle

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6
Q

What does the loop of henle empty into?

A

distal convoluted tubule

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7
Q

What structure in the kidney has a hair-pin turn structure?

A

loop of henle

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8
Q

What are the four segments of the loop of henle?

A
  • pars recta (thick descending)
  • thin descending
  • thin ascending
  • thick ascending
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9
Q

What type of epithelium is in the thick segments of the loop of henle?

A

simple cuboidal

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10
Q

What type of epithelium is in the thin segments of the loop of henle?

A

simple squamous

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11
Q

What is the name of the capillary loops that run parallel to loops of henle?

A

vasa recta

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12
Q

The loop of henle creates high osmotic pressure in the renal medulla via ______________________________

A

counter-current multiplier system

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13
Q

Thin limbs of the loop of henle are long in what type of nephron?

A

juxtamedullary

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14
Q

Thin limbs of the loop of henle are short in what type of nephron?

A

cortical nephrons

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15
Q

What segment of the loop of henle has a brush border of apical microvilli?

A

pars recta (thick descending)

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16
Q

The countercurrent multiplier uses ____ pumps in thick ascending limb of loop of henle.

A

Na-K pumps

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17
Q

What are the extracellular conditions and what is being resorped during the countercurrent multiplier?

A

high extracellular Na
water resorption by PCT

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18
Q

high extracellular Na + water resorption by PCT =

A

cortico-medullary interstitial gradient

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19
Q

What type of urine results from the countercurrent multiplier?

A

hypertonic urine

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20
Q

What does the vasa recta arise from?

A

efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons

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21
Q

What nephrons are the vasa recta associated with?

A

Both cortical and juxtamedullary

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22
Q

What is the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle continuous with?

A

distal convoluted tubule

23
Q

Where is the distal convoluted tubule found in the kidney?

A

cortex

24
Q

What is the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

simple cuboidal

25
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule lack when compared to the proximal?

A

brush border

26
Q

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • active resorption of Na and Cl
  • secretion of H and K ions
27
Q

What two cells controll the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • principle cells
  • intercalated cells
28
Q

What is the function of principle cells on the distal convoluted tubule?

A

resorb Na and water
secrete K

29
Q

What is the function of the intercalated cells on the distal convoluted tubule?

A

mediate H+ and HCO3+
secretion of Cl and K

30
Q

What hormone controls the distal convoluted tubule?

A

aldosterone

31
Q

What are the three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A
  • macular densa
  • juxtaglomerular cells
  • extraglomerular mesangial cells
32
Q

What are the characteristics of juxtaglomerular apparatuses (apparatusussies?) (apparati)?

A
  • specalized areas of afferent arterioles and distal covoluted tubules
  • baroreceptor and chemoreceptor
33
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

regulates systemic blood pressure via renin-angiotension-aldosterone system (RAAS)

34
Q

What are the characteristics of the macula densa?

A
  • thick region on one side of distal convoluted tubule
  • densly packed cuboidal/columnar cells
  • chemoreceptor (Na)
  • decrease in BP -> decrease filtrate -> decrease Na
35
Q

What are the characteristics of the juxtaglomerular cells?

A
  • modified smooth muscle cells
  • in the wall of afferent arterioles
  • baroreceptors (changes in bp)
  • produce renin
  • converts angiotensinogen and angiotensin II
36
Q

What are the characterisitics of extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A
  • flattened cells
  • surround afferent and efferent arterioles
  • assist in tubular glomerular feedback
37
Q

What regulates juxtaglomerular function by monitoring Na and Cl levels?

A

Macular densa

38
Q

What does angiotensin cause?

A

suprarenal glands secrete aldosterone

39
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

increase blood pressure

40
Q

What does renin do?

A

convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin II

41
Q

What does ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) do?

A

covert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

42
Q

What do ACE inhibitors prevent?

A
  • prevents angiotensin II formation
  • stops blood pressure from raising
43
Q

Collecting tubules receive isotonic urine from _______________________

A

distal convoluted tubule

44
Q

Collecting ducts recieve isotonic urine from _________________

A

collecting tubules

45
Q

The collecting ducts open at the papilla into what?

A

minor calyx

46
Q

The epithelial cells of the collecting tubules and ducts are…

A

cuboidal to colunnar

47
Q

What are ADH and vasopressin?

A

antidiuretic hormones

48
Q

What mutation is linked to congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

AQP-2

49
Q

What does ADH cause?

A

water is lost from collecting duct (hypertonic urine)

50
Q

What happens with no ADH?

A

ducts remain impermeable to water

51
Q

What is the path from kidney out of the body?

A

minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
urethra

52
Q

What epithelium is the ureter made of?

A

transitional epithelium

53
Q

What is the urinary bladder lines by?

A

urothelium

54
Q

What does the surface layer of the urinary bladder have?

A

balloon cells linked by desmosomes and tight junctions

Histology Lecture 3 (10 decks)

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