Endocrine part 1 - Hypothalamus, Pituitary & Pineal

Question 1

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

communicates via chemical messengers (hormones) and are carried by bloodstream to target tissue

Question 2

What are the characteristics of the endocrine system?

Answer 2

• made of secretory cells of epithelial origin
• lakcs ducts
• secretes hormones into bloodsteam
• possess rich blood supply
• slower onset and longer duration

Question 3

What type of capillary networks does the endocrine system have?

Answer 3

fenestrated

Question 4

What endocrine organ coordinates endocrine functions of the body and acts as an intermediary between ANS and endocrine system?

Answer 4

hypothalamus

Question 5

Most endocrine glands form _______ organs

Answer 5

discreet

Question 6

The pituitary is suspended by a stalk from what organ?

Answer 6

hypothalamus

Question 7

Where does the pituitary rest?

Answer 7

in sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Question 8

What is the pituitary posterior to?

Answer 8

optic chiasm (CN II)

Question 9

What are the two divisions of the pituitary?

Answer 9

1. Adenohypophysis (anterior)
2. Neurohypophysis (posterior)

Question 10

What is the median eminence a part of?

Answer 10

hypothalamus

Question 11

What is the infundibulum (pituitary stalk) part of?

Answer 11

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis; pars nervosa)

Question 12

What part of the pituitary is the pars tuberalis from?

Answer 12

anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

Question 13

What part of the pituitary is the pars distalis from?

Answer 13

anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

Question 14

What allows communication from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

Answer 14

hypophyseal portal system

Question 15

What controls the secretion of pituitary hormones?

Answer 15

hypothalamus

Question 16

What part of the pituitary is the secondary capillary plexus located?

Answer 16

anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

Question 17

What hormones have a non-endocrine target organ?

Answer 17

• direct acting hormones

ex:
growth hormone (GH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
oxytocin
prolactin

Question 18

What hormones have a target organ that is another endocrine organ?

Answer 18

• trophic hormones

ex:
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 19

What organs are pituitary-dependent endocrine glands?

Answer 19

thyroid gland
adrenal cortex
gonads

Question 20

What does the anterior part of the pituitary contain (from development)?

Answer 20

glandular epithelial tissue (from oral cavity)

Question 21

What does the posterior part of the pituitary contain (from development)?

Answer 21

neural secretory tissue

Question 22

What is considered the master gland?

Answer 22

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis; pars distalis)

Question 23

Where does the specialized glandular tissue of the anterior pituitary arise from?

Answer 23

oral cavity in the pharynx called rathke’s pouch

Question 24

What are the three parts of the anterior pituitary from rathke’s pouch?

Answer 24

pars distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

Question 25

What part of the anterior pituitary makes up the bulk of it?

Answer 25

pars distalis

Question 26

What part of the anterior pituitary is the thin layer between anterior and posterior pituitary?

Answer 26

pars intermedia

Question 27

What does pars intermedia secrete?

Answer 27

MSH and ACTH

Question 28

What does the pars intermedia sometimes contain?

Answer 28

cystic remnants of rathke's pouch

Question 29

What part of the anterior pituitary is an extension of it that forms the collar or pituitary stalk (infundibulum)?

Answer 29

pars tuberalis

Question 30

What hormones does the pars distalis secrete?

Answer 30

- bulk of them direct - GH - prolactin trophic - TSH - ACTH - FSH - LH

Question 31

What are the two types of secretory cells in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 31

chromophils (stain) - acidophils - basophils chromophobes (don't stain; inactive)

Question 32

What are the two types of acidophils?

Answer 32

somatotrophs (50%) mammotrophs (20%)

Question 33

What are the three types of basophils?

Answer 33

thyrotrophs (5%) gonadotrophs (5%) corticotrophs (20%)

Question 34

What type of chromophil secretes growth hormone?

Answer 34

somatotrophs

Question 35

Somatotrophs are regulated by... releasing = inhibiting =

Answer 35

releasing = GHRH inhibiting = Somatostatin (GHIH)

Question 36

What type of chromophil secretes prolactin?

Answer 36

mammotrophs

Question 37

Mammotrophs are regulated by... releasing = inhibiting =

Answer 37

releasing = PRH inhibiting = dopamine

Question 38

What type of chromophil secretes TSH?

Answer 38

thyrotrophs

Question 39

What type of chromophil secretes FSH and LH?

Answer 39

gonadotrophs

Question 40

What type of chromophil secretes ACTH, MSH, LPH, and endorphins?

Answer 40

corticotrophs

Question 41

What causes pituitary gigantism?

Answer 41

- excessive production of growth homone - loss of feedback control or GH-secreting tumor

Question 42

What are the symptoms of pituitary gigantism?

Answer 42

- skeletal growth - internal organ growth - acromegaly - growth of face (prognathism) - increase in viscera - blood glucose managment issues - death due to heart disease or diabetes

Question 43

What causes pituitary dwarfism?

Answer 43

- hereditary and metabolic disorders (insufficient growth hormone)

Question 44

What is the function of prolactin?

Answer 44

- stimulates initiation and maintenance of milk production - inhibits pulsatile secrete of GnRH (suppresses secretion of FSH and LH)

Question 45

What does a pituitary macroadenoma cause?

Answer 45

- impinge optic chiasm (bitemporal hemianopsia) - erode sella turcica - increase intracranial pressure (headache, nausea, vomiting)

Question 46

What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?

Answer 46

- stimulates ovarian follicle development and estrogen secretion (females) - production of androge binding protein by sertoli cell (males)

Question 47

What is the function of lutenizing hormone (LH)?

Answer 47

- helps control the menstrual cycle (release the egg)

Question 48

What is the funciton of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Answer 48

stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize, store, and release thyroid hormones

Question 49

What's not inside a chromophobe?

Answer 49

no secretory granules

Question 50

Where does blood go after the portal veins of the pituitary?

Answer 50

secondary plexus in the pars distalis

Question 51

What is in the infundibulum (stalk) of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 51

axons from hypothalamus protal veins primary capillary plexus

Question 52

What is in the pars nervosa?

Answer 52

axon terminals

Question 53

Where are hormones stored for release?

Answer 53

pars nervosa

Question 54

What are the posterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 54

ADH (vasopressin) Oxytocin

Question 55

What does ADH (vasopressin) do?

Answer 55

controls blood pressure by altering permeability of renal collecting tubes/ducts

Question 56

Where is ADH synthesized?

Answer 56

neuron cell bodies in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

Question 57

What does oxytocin do?

Answer 57

promotes smooth muscle contraction in uterus and breast

Question 58

Where is oxytocin synthesized?

Answer 58

neuron cell bodies in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

Question 59

The endings of axons in the pars nervosa form large fusiform swellings called...

Answer 59

herring bodies

Question 60

What are the specialized glial-like cells in the pars nervosa?

Answer 60

pituicytes

Question 61

What is another name for the pineal gland?

Answer 61

epiphysis cerebri pineal body

Question 62

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 62

in the psoterior extremity of the 1/3 ventricle and attached by the pineal stalk to the diencephalon

Question 63

What does the pineal gland act as in lower vertebrates?

Answer 63

photoreceptor

Question 64

What organ is important in circadian rhythms and seasonal reproductive cycles?

Answer 64

pineal gland

Question 65

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 65

melatonin and serotonin

Question 66

What affect does melatonin have on GNRH?

Answer 66

decrease

Question 66

What affect does melatonin have on sex activity?

Answer 66

anti-gonadal effect decreases sex activity

Question 67

What are the most common cells in the pineal gland?

Answer 67

pinealocytes - arranged in clumps and cords - neuronal-like

Question 68

Where can you see corpora arenacea (brain sand)?

Answer 68

pineal gland

Question 69

What is brain sand and where is it found?

Answer 69

- calcified accretions of Ca and Mg phosphate in aging individuals - pineal gland

Question 70

Synthesis and secretion of melatonin is dramatically affected by _______________________

Answer 70

light exposure to the eyes

Question 71

What are the symptoms of seasonal affective disorder?

Answer 71

depression lack of energy increased need for sleep craving of sweets weight gain