Actinobacteria II Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
Corynebacterium are _____-______-forming
A
non-sporing
2
Q
Corynebacterium
Normally infect lesions on the _____. Most characteristic lesion is a ______ lesion.
Tissue trauma, infection, ______ lesion
A
skin, suppurative, suppurative
3
Q
Pathogenic Corynebacterium are ____ specific producing ______ disease.
Sometimes you do not need to take samples because lesions are very ______
A
host, identifiable, characteristic
4
Q
A
5
Q
Causes _________ infections aka produces _______
A
pyogenic, abscess
6
Q
C. bovis is specific for
A
cattle, teat cistern
7
Q
C. bovis produces
A
clinical mastitis
8
Q
C. diptheriae is specific to ?
Causes?
A
humans, pharyngeal mucosa
diptheria
9
Q
C. kutscheri is specific to?
Causes?
A
Lab rodents, mucous membranes environment
superficial abscesses, caseopurulent foci in liver, lungs and lymph nodes
10
Q
C. pseudotuberculosis - non-nitrate reducing biotype is specific to?
Causes?
A
sheep, goats; skin, mucous membranes, environment
Caseous lymphadenitis
11
Q
C. pseudotuberculosis -nitrate reducing biotype is specific to?
Causes?
A
horses and cattle; environment
ulcerative lymphangitis abscess
12
Q
A
nitrogen produces red color when reacts with reagent = nitrogen positive
13
Q
C. renale type 1 is specific to?
Causes?
A
cattle, lower urogenitical tacts of cows and bulls
cystitis, pyelonephritis
OR sheep and goats, prepuce
ulcerative enzootic balanoposthitis
14
Q
C. renale - C. pilosum type II speciifc to?
Causes?
A
Cattle, bovine urogenital tract
Cystitis pyelonephritis
15
Q
C. renale - C. cystidis (type III) specific to?
Causes?
A
cattle, bovine urogenital tract
severe cystitis rarely pyelonephritis
16
Q
C. ulcerans is specific to?
Causes?
A
Cattle, cats, humans
In cattle = mastitis
in cats = upper respiratory tract infection
in humans = diptheria (toxigenic strains), found in human pharyngeal mucosa
17
Q
Corynebacterium bovis produces _____, ______, ____, non -______ colonies in the well of plates inoculated with a bovine ___ sample.
A
small, white, dry, haemolytic, milk
18
Q
Corynebacterium kutscheri produces _____ colonies. Occasional isolates are _________.
A
whitish, haemolytic
19
Q
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis has ______, ______ colonies surrounded by a narrow
zone of complete ____, which may not be evident for up to ___ hours. After several
days the colonies become
___, _____ and ____ - coloured. ______ pathogen. Produces
phospholipase ___ and ______.
A
small, whitish, haemolysis, 72, dry, crumbly, cream, Intracellular, D, protease
20
Q
Members of the C. renale group produce ____, ____ - haemolytic colonies after incubation for ___
hours.
A
small, non, 24
21
Q
What can be seen here?
A
C. diphteriae
Whitish, bright individual colonies
Non-hemolytic
22
Q
A
C. pseudotuberculosis
Borders of the colony in high mag
23
Q
A
C. Diphteriae
Polymorphic shape with gram stain
24
Q
Pathogenesis
* _____ pathogens
* ______ organisms. _______ conditions
A
Oportunistic, Pyogenic, suppurative
25
Diagnostic
1. _____ signs
2. Samples: ?
3. Direct ____ stained smears
4. Culture: ?
5. ____
Clinical, pus, exudate, affected tissue samples, (renale group = urine), gram, blood agar and MacConkey agar, PCR
26
Corynebacterium paratuberculosis
Corynebacterium bovis
Caseous lymphadenitis
Abscess formation is evident in ruminants.
27
Drain abscess to obtain sample
28
Corynebacterium renale
Bovine pyelonephritis
Arch of the spinal chord produces pain when animal urinates
29
Eventually kidney is affected in cases of Bovine pyelonephritis OR corynebacterium renale
30
Ulcerative balanoposthitis
Corynebacterium renalecase of lambs, inflammation of prepuce. Urinary bladder can eventually get infected due to ascending infection.
31
Rhodococcus equi
* Formerly called _________ ____
* _______ pathogen
*_______ pathogen
* Inhabitant of soil and GI tract
* _______ bronchopneumonia of ___ (major disease)
* _____ and ______ agar
Corynebacterium equi, Intracellular, Suppurative, foal, Blood, MacConkey
32
R. equi
Rods; mainly in pairs.
33
Key feature of R. equi
34
35
in case of foals, are more susceptible, develop broncho pneumonia wiht abvscess in lungs.
36
CAMP test is good for diagnosis
Streak of r. equi and the other is staph aureus.
staph preoduces [artial hemolysis and this toxin produces a complete hemolysis becuase together with the r equi the produce spade shaped complete hemolysis.
This is a positive CAMP test.
37
Rhodococcus equi
Clinical signs?
Fever, anorexia, and signs of bronchopneumonia (cough, dyspnea, weight loss, exercise intolerance,
and characteristic loud, moist rales on lung auscultation.
38
Rhodococcus equi
Diagnosis?
A history of the disease in the farm
Leukocytosis
Ultrasonography of the thorax
39
Rhodococcus equi
Treatment?
Rifampin, Erythromycin
40
(a) Normal lung in a foal of vaccine group, (b) pyogranuloma formation in the R. equi inoculated left lung of a control foal; bronchi has suppurative lesions as well.
(arrow), (c) pyogranuloma in lung (purulent content), and (d) infarction areas in kidney of control foals (arrows).
41
Rhodococcus equi
Animal treated with hyperimmune plasma --> challenged --> ?
no lesion.
42
Mycobacteria is aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
43
Mycobacteria ______-spore forming
* ____ shaped
* Acid-fast bacilli
* Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining _____ --> stains bacteria ___.
*________, ______ invaders, obligate pathogens.
* Disease in domestic animal usually is _____ and ______
* Resistant to _____ environmental conditions due to bacterial _____-rich wall.
* Safety precautions, biosafety cabinet
Intraceullar bacteria - Why?
MQ - acute or chronic?
Non, Rod, positive, red, Saprophytes, opportunistic, chronic, progressive, adverse, lipid
cell wall is rich in lipids containing mycolic acids so when they are ingested they survive in cell for a long time; What kind of phagocytic cells are associated with forming granulomas?
Chronic, so M2 is associated with this type of disease.
44
Carotenoid pigments = orange
45
Positive animals for mycobacteria are ______
euthanized
46
Cards for chart from lecture today
47
Cards for this
48
What immune response is associated with tuberculin test?
What type of hypersensitivity is the tuberculin test?
Delayed or immediate?
Cellular immune response.
Hypersensitivity IV.
Delayed hypersensitivity type IV.
49
Regardless of Mycobacterium species, lesions are the _______. They are all ______ lesions.
same, granulomatous
50
Mycobacteria
Clinical Infections
* ________ in avian ad mammalian species
* Paratuberculosis in ________
* Feline _____
* _____ tuberculosis and bovine ____
* ________ lesions
Tuberculosis, ruminants, leprosy, Skin, farcy, Granulomatous
51
Tuberculosis in cattle
* M. bovis
* _______
*______ programs in many countries
* M. bovis in _______ animals makes the eradication difficult
* M. avium and other ______ mycobacteria can infect bovines
Worldwide, Eradication, wild, saprophytic
52
Different animals can be affected. Normally transmitted by inhalation or ingested, it enters the lungs and generates infective aerosols. Bacteria can survive for long periods of time inside of the animal because it is phagocytized by the MQ and DC.MQ are activated and release inflammatory cytokines -- > cellular immune response. Sometimes response is not enough to eliminate the pathogen, leading to the formation of a granuloma. Eventually the MQ can migrate from the lung and be transported to different lymph nodes.
53
Infective cell mediated immunity --> MQ phago bacteria --< bacteria is eliminated --> small localized lesion --> bac is eliminated. -> shedding of M. bovis does not occur so it will not infect another animal.
In case where lesion is extended in lung, pulmonary tuberculosis --> necrosis and open lesions which communicates with small airways such as bronchioles --> releases bacteria in aerosols. Eventually bacteria present in aerosols can be ingested and bacteria eliminated into feces.
54
What are the clinical signs associated with Tubcerculosis in cattle?
- Clinical signs are evident only in advanced disease,
cattle with extensive lesions can appear to be in
good health.
- Loss of condition
- Cough
- Intermittent pyrexia
- Marked induration of affected quarters
- Supramammary lymph node enlargement
- Mastitis, contaminated milk (pasteurization)
55
How can you diagnose Tubcerculosis in cattle?
- Tuberculin
- IFN-γ assay
- ELISA detecting antibodies
- Lesion samples histopathology (granuloma), ZN staining
- Isolation of M. bovis
- Tissue samples PCR, histopathology (granuloma), ZN staining, bacteria isolation
- Immunosuppression due to stress, immunosuppressive drugs inability to respond to tuberculin
- ELISA circulating antibodies
- Lymphocyte proliferation/cytotoxocity
56
How can you control/treat Tubcerculosis in cattle?
- No treatment
- Tuberculin positive, animal isolation/slaughter
- Disinfection of farm/buildings
- Wildlife reservoirs is a problem for eradication
- Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG human vaccine,
heterologous vaccine)
- DNA vaccine
- Mycobacterial proteins
57
Tuberculin is...
* Simple
* False _______ = Mycobacterium ___
* False Negatives
* Animals with advanced tuberculosis (IgG)
* Test at early stages of Infection
* Cross reactions:
* Mycobacterium avium
* Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
* Nocardia spp
positive, phlei
58
Tuberculin test in cattle
Test Type: Single Intradermal
Use?
Advantages?
Disadvantages?
59
Tuberculin test in cattle
Test Type: Comparative
Use?
Advantages?
Disadvantages?
60
Tuberculin test in cattle
Test Type: Short Thermal
Use?
Advantages?
Disadvantages?
61
Tuberculin test in cattle
Test Type: Stormont
Use?
Advantages?
Disadvantages?
62
Describe the mechanism of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
Mirate to closest lymph node where T cells will interact with APC, triggering the cellular immune response --> pro-inflammatory response.
Inflammation after injection shows up 24 to 48 hours.
63
Positive ziehl neeson stain
64
65
What can be seen in this image?
Different degrees of Granuloma formation in lungs from an animal suffering from TB.
Granulomas, caseous
66
Milia TB. Many small granulomas present in the parenchyma
67
Avian tuberculosis
* ________ disease
* M. avium
* More often in ____ birds
* Non- _____ clinical signs = ?
* Granulomas lesions in ?
* M. avium can cause infection in _________ humans. Rare in?
Diagnostic
- _____ testing using M. avium (PPD)
- Macroscopic lesions, ___ staining
Worldwide, adult, specific, dullness, emaciation, lameness, liver, spleen, bone marrow, intestine. immunocompromised, cats, dogs, horses, and pigs, Tuberculin, ZN
68
M. avium, lymph nodes
Granulomas in lymph nodes
69
disseminated in the intestine, kidneys, and cecum as well.
Serous membranes are also affected.
70
Feline leprosy
* _______ disease
* ________ distribution
M. lepraemurium --> ___ leprosy
* Sporadic transmission to cats through ____ from infected rodents
* ______ lesions in subcutaneous tissues ( ____ and _____)
Diagnostic
-Tissue samples _______ (granuloma), ___ staining
Cutaneous, Worldwide, Rat, bites, Nodular, head, limbs, histopathology, ZN
71
What can be seen here?
Open granuloma
72
What can be seen here?
Nodular lesion in subcutaneous tissue
73
What can be seen here?
74
Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)
* _______ subsp. paratuberculosis
* _____ are more susceptible
* Microorganism isolated from many _____ animals
* ___ ingestion of organisms shed in _____ of infected animals (pooled contaminated _______)
* Clinical disease is rarely encountered in cattle under __ years of age
* Subclinical presentation in cattle shedding mycobacteria in ____
M. avium, Calves, wildlife, Oral, feces, colostrum, 2, feces
75
Johne's Disease Pathogenesis
* ________ pathogen
* Ingested mycobacteria are taking up by ___ cells
* Organisms cross the ______ epithelial layer
* Engulfed by _____ in which they survive and replicate
* Microorganism interferes with maturation of _______-______ fusion
* Granuloma formation in ______ _____, and _____ of the GI tract
* Enteropathy lead to loss of ____ proteins and malabsorption of _____ and ____
Intracellular, M, intestinal, macrophages, phagosome-lysosome, lamina propria, submucosa, plasma, nutrients, water
76
Clinical Signs of Johne's Disease
* Affected cattle show clinical signs after 2 years of age
* Diarrhea, persistent and profuse
* Weight loss
* Mucosa of terminal small intestine and large intestine is thickened
and folded into transverse corrugations
* Mesenteric and ileocecal lymph nodes are enlarged end edematous
77
How do you diagnose Johne's Disease?
* Direct microscopy from live animal samples (biopsies),
histopathology, ZN staining, bacteria isolation
* Postmortem: tissue samples from affected intestines and mesenteric
lymph nodes
* Isolation and bacteria identification (ZN staining, culture medium
containing mycobactin supports growth)
* Serology: complement fixation, ELISA, immunodifussion, IFN-γ assay
* Intradermal test (Johnin)
* PCR
78
How do you control Johne's Disease?
* Isolate sick animals
* Identification of subclinical animals is difficult for veterinarians and
laboratory staff
* Isolation of bacteria, ELISA, PCR
* Facility hygiene
* Inactivated and live attenuated vaccine are available
79
Skin tests used to detect/diagnose Johne's Disease?
* Johnin = Mycobacterium avium var
paratuberculosis.
* Brucella abortus
* Mallein = Burkholderia mallei
* Histoplasmin = Histoplasmosis
* Coccidioidin = Coccidioidomycosis
80
Johne's Disease
Body condition is very poor in old animals.
Diarrhea is constant, persistent and the large intestine is affected.
81
Johne's Disease
Hyperemic
Thickening and corrugation of mucous
82
Johne's Disease
Thickening and corrugation of mucous
83
Johne's Disease
84
Cards for chart from lecture today
