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Mycoplasma Flashcards

1
Q

Nickname of Mycoplasma

A

Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms = PPLO

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2
Q

Morphology of Mycoplasma
1. ____________ shape because of lack of _____ _________
2. An __________-dense core
3. Terminal _______/____ at one end for:
1. ________/_______ onto host cell
surface receptors
2. ______ motility
3. cell _______

A

Pleomorphic, cell wall, electron, organelle, disc, adherence, attachment, gliding, division

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3
Q
  1. What bacterium is pictured here?
  2. What is the arrow pointing to?
A
  1. Mycoplasma
  2. an electron-dense core terminal organelle/disc
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4
Q
  1. What bacterium is pictured here?
  2. What is the arrow pointing to?
A
  1. Mycoplasma
  2. an electron-dense core terminal organelle/disc
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5
Q

other image

A
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6
Q
  1. Describe the cell structure of Mycoplasma
  2. What drugs won’t work as a result of these structures?
A
  1. no cell wall, so beta-lactams R won’t work
  2. no flagella,
  3. no fimbriae,
  4. no lipopolysaccharide so polymixins/colistin R won’t work

“Christine Will Fuck For Lavashak”

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7
Q

Describe the toxins Mycoplasma possesses

A
  1. no/rare toxins,
  2. no/rare cytolysins,
  3. no/rare invasins
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8
Q
  1. Describe the Enzymes Mycoplasma uses?
  2. What drugs won’t work as a result of these structures?
A
  1. no/rare catalase
  2. no/rare superoxide dismutase
  3. no tricarboxylic acid cycle, no quinones, no cytochromes = reduced capacities for ATP synthesis
  4. no folic acid synthesis so Sulfa/trimethoprim R won’t work
  5. RNA polymerase gene, prone to mutation. rifampin R won’t work

naturally RNA poly is multidrug resistant

CRRFT

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9
Q

The cell surface of Mycoplasma is coated with?

A
  1. glycolipids –> antigen mimicry (authoimmunity)
  2. Lipoglycans –> antigen mimicry (authoimmunity)
  3. lipoprotein –> Switch ON/OFF regularly & changes its coat
  4. capsular polysaccharide,
  5. host-derived cholesterol,
  6. adhesins. …………………………………………..for attachment to diverse host epithelial cells and compounds
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10
Q

Mycoplasma secretes?

A
  1. hydrogen peroxide –> kill host cells by oxidizing their lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA by free radicals
  2. superoxide (O2–) –> kill host cells by oxidizing their lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA by free radicals
  3. nuclease –> degrade host nucleic acids
  4. immunoglobulin proteases –> degrade proteins including antibodies
  5. antioxidant enzymes –> detoxify free radicals
  6. sialidases –> degrade mucus
  7. hyaluronidases –> degrade hyaluronate

“HHIASSIN” aka “Hiya, sin!”

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11
Q

What Culture media & growth is needed for Mycoplasma?

A
  1. Highly fastidious
  2. Slow grower
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12
Q

Mycoplasma are ______ (i.e. difficult to _____) and therefore require ______ nutrient media that
includes Mycoplasma agar containing:
1. _______ _____ infusion
2. ________
3. 5% _____ autolysate
4. ________ ______ precursors
5. _______ (200 IU/ml) –> ?
6. _________ ______ (0.125 mg/ml)
7. 20% _______ or ______ serum…

A

fastidious, isolate, complex, beef heart, peptone, yeast, Nucleic acid, penicillin, thallium acetate, equine, human

  1. To prevent gram-positive
  2. To prevent gram-negative
  3. Serum provides cholesterol, amino acids &
    fatty acids for synthesis of its cell membrane since they cannot produce them
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13
Q

On culture media, Mycoplasma is ______ growing (__-__ _____ of incubation) before colonies are apparent on agar which is what contributes to them causing _______ diseases.

A

slow, 1-2 weeks, chronic

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14
Q

Mycoplasma possess a unique ______ motility using _______ dense core. Have a “______ ______” appearance on agar media.

A

gliding, electron fried egg

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15
Q

M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, affects ________ and is a ______ colony

A

cattle, small

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16
Q

M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, affects _______ and is a _______ colony.

A

goat, large

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17
Q

List and explain the virulence factors of Mycoplasma

A
  1. Its cell surface molecules
    a. Antigenic variation = which protein is responsible? Lipoprotein
    b. Antigenic mimicry = which protein is responsible? lipoglycans and glycolipids
  2. Secreted enzymes
  3. Its ability to manipulate host cells, internalization, and host genome
  4. Its ability to live inside and outside host cells to compete for nutrients (parasitism)
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18
Q

What organism is pictured here?

A

Mycoplasma

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19
Q

List the virulence factors of Mycoplasma

A
  1. Biofilms
  2. Capsule
  3. Adhesins
  4. Enzymes
  5. Toxins (free radicals)
  6. Antigenic variability
  7. Antigens mimicry (glycolipid)
  8. Incorporation of host antigens into Mycoplasma (i.e. capping)
  9. Intracellular life
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20
Q

Mycoplasma’s capsule contains?

A

Polysaccharides

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21
Q

What enzymes does Mycoplasma produce?

A
  1. Lipase
  2. Nuclease
  3. Ig protease
  4. Sialidase & hyaluronidase
  5. Antioxidant enzymes

NAILS

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22
Q

Antioxidant enzymes function to ensure bacterial ___________. The antioxidant enzymes that Mycoplasma produces are:

  1. __________ sulfoxide reductase
  2. organic ________ reductase
  3. osmotically inducible ___________ ____.
  4. ___________ dismutase
  5. ________
  6. ___________ reductase,
  7. _______ peroxidase,
  8. ______________
A

survival

methionine, hydroperoxide, protein C, superoxide, catalase, thioredoxin, thiol, peroxiredoxin

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23
Q

What toxins (free radicals) does Mycoplasma produce?

A
  1. H2O2
  2. O2-
  3. Community- acquired
    respiratory distress syndrome toxin
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24
Q

What provides Mycoplasma with antigenic variability?

A

Lipoprotein

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25
What gives Mycoplasma antigenic mimicry?
1. Autoimmunity 2. Escape detection by the immune system
26
Incorporation of the host antigens into Mycoplasma (i.e. capping) allows it to?
Escape detection by the immune system
27
When Mycoplasma enters the host cell, what does it do?
1. Manipulate host genome 2. This may lead to diseases e.g. cancer
28
The strength of Mycoplasma is its ability to elicit chronic ___________, immune _________, ___________, and causing ________?
inflammation, evasion, autoimmunity, cancer
29
Mycoplasma infection --> Elicits _________ IL's (3?) --> ________ syndrome, _________, _______? , immune _______ --> elicits ________ --> IL-?
inflammation, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, MAKePSR, autoimmunity, cancer, evasion, inflammation, IL1, IL-2, IL-6 --> ?
30
Mycoplasma is linked with cancer: Does it cause cancer or infect cancer cells? Mycoplasma Inhibits _____ expression in host cells (i.e. a _____ ________ protein)
p53, tumor suppressor - regulates cell growth but stops at cellular maturity; in case of cancer, cell keeps growing = cancer. Prostate, breast cancer, etc. mycoplasma has been isolated from
31
Describe the consequences of the intracellular lifestyle of Mycoplasma.
intracellular: Inside the cells Consequences: 1. they changes the host cell morphologic & genetic architect to cause chronic diseases 2. they may cause colon, gastric, lung, prostate, renal cancers
32
Describe the consequences of the extracellular lifestyle of Mycoplasma.
extracellular: Reside outside the host cells very much intimately to membrane surface
33
What are the reasons for Mycoplasma parasitizing host cells:?
they do not synthesize a. cholesterol, b. amino acids, c. fatty acids
34
List the transmission routes for Mycoplasma.
35
Transmission routes: airborne
Coughed out and exits respiratory tract ---> aerosol Long distance spread by air/wind as far as 9.2 km ... like Chlamydia & Coxiella
36
Transmission routes and source: 1. Sharing the same _______ machine in dairy (Mycoplasma ________) 2. __________ _____ transmission in poultry * Source 1. Introduction of an ________ animal into an __________ population is a ______ method for dissemination of Mycoplasma 2. Dispersed by _____/_____
milking, mastitis, transovarian, vertical, infected, uninfected, common, wind/air
37
Describe vertical and horizontal transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
38
Host ranges and affected body systems 1. All __________ 2. ______ tracts and other body parts ....... ________syndrome
vertebrates, Mucosal, MAKePSR
39
Host & tissue specificity (but not always) 1. Mycoplasma resides in mucosal tracts of which species? Mycoplasma resides ____ or ______ _______ epithelial cells of:  _______ tracts  ________ tract  ________  ___________ canal  ___________ glands  ________
1.  Humans  Livestock and poultry: devastating economically in  ruminant, pig & poultry industry  wild mammals  wild ruminants  Carnivores  primates  Wild birds  tortoise  insects on, inside, mucosal respiratory, urogenital, conjunctiva, alimentary, mammary, joints
40
Mycoplasma species diversity & its host diversity 1. Over 130 Mycoplasma species exist........ about 40-50 are pathogenic 2. Almost all vertebrates
41
Over 130 Mycoplasma species exist. They show some degree of host specificity.
Dogs and cats: like chlamydia felis Horses Cattle swine: hyopneumoniae Farm shut down: for bird section?
42
43
Which mycoplasma affecting cattle caused a trade ban? What clinical disease does it cause?
M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, CBPP
44
Which mycoplasma affecting cattle cause MAKePSR syndrome?
M. bovis MAKePSR
45
What is this image showing us?
MAKePSR Severe arthritis in infected joint of cow with M. bovis
46
What is this image showing?
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)  Extended head/neck forward,  open mouth,  legs far apart, elbows turned out,  coughing,  ocular & nasal discharges
47
What is this image showing?
CBPP infected animal at slaughter showing collection of pleural fluid
48
What is this image showing us?
thickening of the interlobular septa of lung when cut open (marbled appearance)
49
What is this image showing us?
Lung adherence to chest wall
50
M. capricolum subsp. capricolum affects which species? What clinical diseases does it cause?
1. Sheep and goats 2. Mastitis, arthritis
51
Which strain of Mycoplasma causes Contagious Cparine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)? What does this cause?
M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae Caused a trade ban.
52
M. mycoides subsp. capri affects which species? What clinical diseases does it cause?
1. Sheep and goats 2. Pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, septicemia (goat)
53
M. agalactiae affects which species? What clinical diseases does it cause?
1. Sheep and goats 2. Infectious agalactia Mammary gland atrophy?
54
M. agalactiae in sheep and goats --> Mammary gland atrophy
55
1. What is this arrow pointing to? 2. What strain of Mycoplasma causes this clinical disease? 3. What does this strain also cause?
1. Mammary gland atrophy (mastitis) in chronically infected goats with M. agalactiae 3. M. agalactiae also causes conjunctivitis, and arthritis
56
1. What strain of Mycoplasma causes this clinical disease? 2. What clinical signs are pictured?
1. M. capricolum, M. mycoides, or M. ovipneumonaie ? 2.  High fever, anorexia,  productive cough,  wide stance,  extended neck
57
1. What strain of Mycoplasma causes this clinical disease? 2. What clinical signs are pictured?
1. M. capricolum, M. mycoides, or M. ovipneumonaie ? 2. (a) Granular lung appearance (b) Marbling lung & hepatization
58
1. What can be seen in this image? 2. What strain of Mycoplasma causes this?
M. hyopneumoniae in a pig. Note lung discoloration and the cranioventral consolidation characteristic of enzootic pneumonia
59
What can be seen in this image?
collapse of the lobes of the infected lung of pig with M. hyopneumoniae i.e. deflated lobes (atelectiasis)
60
List the strains of Mycoplasma that infects poultry.
1. M. gallisepticum 2. M. synoviae 3. M. meleagridis Give Me Some
61
M. gallisepticum causes what clinical diseases in poultry? What has this done on a national level?
1. Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chicken, sinusitis, infetious air sacculitis in turkey 2. Cause trade ban in the USA & among 7 poultry priority diseases
62
M. synoviae causes what clinical diseases in poultry? What has this done on a national level?
1. Air sacculitis, arthritis, tendosynovitis 2. Cause trade ban in the USA & among 7 poultry priority diseases
63
M. meleagridis causes what clinical diseases in poultry? What has this done on a national level?
1. Air sacculitis, sinusitis, arthritis (in turkey) 2. Cause trade ban in the USA & among 7 poultry priority diseases
64
Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. Synoviae in poultry destroys?
Destroys air sacs Airsacculitis  Abdominal air sac of a chicken that is thickened and cloudy, with blood vessels visible
65
1. What strain of mycoplasma causes this? 2. What clinical signs can be seen here?
1. M. gallisepticum 2. Turkey with sinusitis showing marked swollen infraorbital sinuses and clear mucoid exudate, & dried nasal exudate with M. gallisepticum conjunctivitis, periorbital swelling, & a dried nasal exudate in chicken infected with M gallisepticum
66
1. What strain of mycoplasma causes this? 2. What clinical signs can be seen here?
1. M. synoviae 2. Incised swollen foot pad with granulation tissue and purulent exudate surrounding digital flexors in poultry infected with M. synoviae Swollen hock joint of turkey by M. synoviae, with viscous yellow exudate in the joint and around the tendons
67
Mycoplasma affecting horses
M. felis, My equirhinis, M. equipharyngis all cause pleuritis
68
Mycoplasma affecting pets
blinking excessively because painful
69
1. M. pneumoniae affects which species? 2. What clinical diseases does this strain call?
1. Humans mainly, (cats and dogs) 2. Pneumonia, tracheobronchitis Chlamydia trichromatis --> causes repro problems?
70
1. M. hominis affects which species? 2. What clinical diseases does this train cause? 3. How is it transmitted?
1. Humans 2. Urogenital disease (vaginosis). 3. It is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
71
What Lung pathologies does Mycoplasma cause?
 Thickening  Extensive fibrin and fibrosis  Hepatization,  marbling,  granuloma with poor blood perfusion to such lesions * Encapsulated: May be necrotic * Thoracic cavity: Straw-colored fluid * Joints enlarged is it easy for antimicrobial to reach deep areas in lungs? No,
72
A tip of an ice-berg concept in the population * Mycoplasma can be carried ____________ 1. However, in _____ herds/flocks the proportion of sick animals in the flock/herd (morbidity) can reach _____%  increases with _____ confinement 2. The proportion of dead animals among infected (mortality) ranges from ____ to ___%  but vary by ________ factors 3. 25% of recovered animals may become _____
asymptomatically, naïve, 100, close, 30, 80, secondary, carriers
73
How do you isolate and diagnose Mycoplasma?
1. Culture on agar with typical fried egg colonies or gliding motility is a gold standard (but it TERRIBLE)  It detects in clinical samples  The limitation of culture method = it detects only 30-50% using bulk milk tank or individual cow of subclinical infections 2. Serology can be applied for surveillance or as part of a biosecurity protocol for buying in new animals a. direct or indirect fluorescent staining b. ELISA c. Slide Agglutination Test 3. Nucleic acid based tests (hybridization, PCR): Given the limitations of culture, PCR is the method of choice for Mycoplasma detection
74
Treatment of Mycoplasma (MAKePSR)
75
How do you control and prevent Mycoplasma infection? 1. ____________ of infected herd/flock 2. Vaccination ..... ____ and ______ vaccine 3. ________ .... All-in-all out practice, single age farm, segregation & traffic control, cleaning and disinfection 4. ____ and _____ test- __________ animals ....but remember the “ice-berg concept”
Chemotherapy, live, killed, Biosecurity, Test, cull, positive
76
The vaccines that are available provide __________/_________ protection. There is no completely protective vaccine which is challenging because Mycoplasma is able to change its _________ make up. In terms of biosecurity, in rearing units, instituting _______________ systems and avoiding the mixing of ____ groups can help control the disease. Make sure to _____ test and _____ poultry farms infected with Mycoplasma. Cull = ____ and cull
incomplete, partial, antigenic, all-in-all-out , age, USDA, close, test
77
Neither _________ nor _________ are effective for the treatment or prevention of Mycoplasma (e.g. mammary infections by Mycoplasma), ______ is recommended for controlling the disease.
antibiotics, vaccines, culling

Bacteriology/Mycology (40 decks)

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