Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales, Mycoplasma Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
List the following bacterium in size order:
Chlamydiales
Rickettsiales
Coxiella
Mycoplasma
A
In size: Chlamydiales > Rickettsiales > Coxiella >
Mycoplasma
2
Q
Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales, Mycoplasma are all _____-cellular pathogens of animals (& _______).
A
intra, arthropod
3
Q
Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales, Mycoplasm all infect diverse _________ species. Rickettsiales infect _________.
A
vertebrate, arthropods
4
Q
Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales, Mycoplasm are ____________ ________ bacteria. However, _________ lives both in
intracellular and extracellular.
A
obligate intracellular, Mycoplasma
5
Q
Rickettsiales transmit themselves by?
A
blood-sucking arthropod
6
Q
Cell membrane = permeable, porous so they are unable to hold water and electrolytes so need to enter host cytoplasm to receive benefits of our cell membranes in order to maintain osmotic pressure.
Since do not produce sufficient ATP, AA, cholesterol, they steal our resources.
A
7
Q
Why do Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales, and Mycoplasm seek an intracellular
lifestyle in animal cells?
A
- Comfortable home that protects them as their cell membrane is highly permeable
- ATP shortage
- Cholesterol demand
Cell membrane = permeable, porous so they are unable to hold water and electrolytes so need to enter host cytoplasm to receive benefits of our cell membranes in order to maintain osmotic pressure.
Since do not produce sufficient ATP, AA, cholesterol, they steal our resources.
8
Q
List the culture media and growth requirements for Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales and Mycoplasma.
A
They need a living cell
culture to grow them
1. Grow on bacteriological culture media, but highly fastidious.
2. Slow growing, thus, cause
chronic disease (maybe cancer?)
Can’t leave cytoplasm, so can only grow on cell culture.
9
Q
A
Mycoplasma can grow on powder but it is highly fastidious; need to make it very rich in nutrients particularly cholesterol, AA, ATP.
10
Q
Both Chlamydiales and
Coxiella produce two life forms:
A
a. spore-like particle during an extracellular life
= infective form (transmissible)
= persistence form in the environment for decades
b. actively replicative cells during intracellular life
= host cell destructive form
11
Q
Mycoplasma has a unique “______ ______” colony growth & _______ motility.
A
fried egg, gliding
12
Q
- What are the two life forms (extra - & - intracellular) of obligate intracellular bacteria?
- List the bacteria that fall under these categories
A
- (a) Within vacuoles in cytoplasm of host cells
(b) Outside of a cell until they enter into the cytoplasm of a cell - (A)
- Chlamydia = reticulate/inclusion bodies (RB)
- Coxiella = large cell variant (LCV)
- Anaplasma & Ehrlichia = reticulate cells (morula)
(B)
1. Chlamydia = elementary body
2. Coxiella = small cell variant (SCV)
3. Anaplasma & Ehrlichia = dense-cored cells (DC
13
Q
Chlamydia, Coxiella, Anaplasma & Ehrlichia
produce __________ cell forms that hide within __________ in the host cell cytoplasm, but Rickettsia _____ move in cytoplasm (does not hide in the _________)
A
vegetative, vacuoles, freely, vacuoles
14
Q
- Chlamydia, Coxiella, Anaplasma &
Ehrlichiaproduce hide in what due to fear of lysosomes? - What does Rickettsia do?
A
- vegetative cell forms that hide within vacuoles in the host cell cytoplasm
- freely move in cytoplasm (does not hide in the vacuoles).
15
Q
Host ranges
A
Almost all vertebrate animals, including arthropods in case of Rickettsia
16
Q
Describe the transmission routes of Chlamydiales.
A
Airborne, sex, & contagious transmission
using its spore-like particle (elementary body)
17
Q
Describe the transmission routes of Rickettsiales.
A
18
Q
Describe the transmission routes of Mycoplasma.
A
Airborne & contagious transmission
19
Q
Chlamydia, Coxiella & Mycoplasma are transmitted
mainly by ?
A
airborne & contagious
20
Q
List the predilection sites for chlamydiales.
A
Mucus membranes (tubular tracts e.g. respiratory tract, repro, conjunctiva, joints, mammary glands) causing diseases called MAKePSR Syndrome
21
Q
List the predilection sites for Mycoplasma.
A
Mucus membranes = MAKePSR syndrome
22
Q
Define MAKePSR Syndrome
A
M = mastitis
A = arthritis
Ke = keratoconjunctivitis (e.g. blindness)
P = pneumonia
S = septicemia
R= reproductive disorders (very common in humans; inflammation of penis, vagina, placenta, testicle, orchitis; abortion, infertility).
23
Q
Similar mucosal diseases (i.e. MAKePSR Syndrome) by
____________ & _____________ species because both have
tropism to similar cells (mucosal epithelium).
A
Chlamydia, Mycoplasma
24
Q
List the predilection sites for Rickettsiales.
A
Rickettsiales = red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells WBC) or blood vessels
25
* Anaplasma prefers ?
= lysis of RBC, platelets and WBC
Blood cells, mainly RBC. When RBC are attacked, what happens to host? Anemia. Bilirubin comes out with RBC are lysed --> jaundice due to increase circulation of bilirubin byproduct in blood. In absence of platelets --> bleeding, hemorrhage
WBC -> leukopenia --> susceptibility to any commensal
26
* Ehrlichia prefers ?
= lysis of RBC, WBC and endothelium
27
* Rickettsia prefers?
= Endothelial cell lysis/bleeding (rash)
28
* Coxiella prefers?
= Endothelial cell lysis and phagocytes
29
Apply the ice-berg concept during presence of
clinical cases ofChlamydiales, Rickettsiales, &
Mycoplasma infection
The presence of clinical cases are
indicators of:
1. Huge members of a population are
carriers = subclinical infections
2. Possible involvement of multiple
animal species in the geographical
area as these pathogens normally
infect diverse animal species
30
Chlamydia is a gram-_______ ___ bacteria. However, its cell wall has a ____ or no ________. Best stained by _____ stain than Gram stain. Best treated by _____ and ________ than beta-lactams
negative, cocci, tiny, peptidoglycan, Giemsa, tetracycline, chloramphenicol
31
Chlamydia is an _______ ______ parasites because of two reasons:
Obligate intracellular
1. Their cytoplasmic membrane is highly permeable, thus depend on vertebrate
cells for osmotic homeostasis
2. They cannot produce key amino acids and ATP, hence depend on host ATP
32
Chlamydia life cycle oscillates between ?
extracellular form (EB) vs. intracellular form (RB)
33
The extracellular form of Chlamydia =
- __________ infectious form
- __________ body (EB)
airborne
elementary
34
The Intracellular form of Chlamydia
The intracellular
= replicative form
= reticular body (RB)
35
In the case of Chlamydia, a 3rd intracellular lifeform is
formed on occasion. This form is called the _________ __________ body, a non-_________ aberrant body that is formed during ____________ treatment and is attacked by the ______ defense system. Thus, it is formed for _____ & _________ during harsh conditions
abnormal reticular, replicating, antimicrobial, host, survival, persistence
36
The extracellular life form = ?
elementary body
37
Chlamydia is highly resistant to environmental
stresses such as:
high temperature,
osmotic pressure
ultraviolet light
EB is the one that infects vertebrates
EB can be taken by air (airborne)
38
The persistence state of Chlamydia is characterized
by the formation of the ______________ _____ (____) induced by stressful conditions.
aberrant body (AB)
39
The two unique life cycles of Chlamydia
Chlamydia exist in two distinct morphological forms, where
each has unique characteristics as listed here. Completes both life forms in 24 hours.
40
List the routes of transmission for Chlamydia
41
C. abortus causes __________, and ________ issues in ruminants. Also affects ?
Abortion, Testicle issues in ruminants, pigs + human
42
C. felis causes what conditions in cats and humans?
pneumonia, bronchiits, rhinitis, and eyes
43
C. avium effects which species?
Pigeons & psittacines
44
C. caviae effects which species?
guinea pig
45
C. muridarum effects which species?
= rodents/mic
46
C. pecorum effects which species?
domestic & wild ruminants, pigs
47
C. psittaci effects which species?
= birds, pigs, ruminants, pets, equine + humans
48
C. suis effects which species?
= swine
49
C. pneumoniae effects which species?
= human + horse + reptiles + amphibians
"RAHH"
50
C. trachomatis effects which species?
= human only (blindness in humans and effects repro tract in males and females)
51
Chlamydia attacks the ________ epithelium of the following organs and cause diseases.
columnar
52
Chlamydia can cause ? in the eye
(conjunctivitis, pinkeye)
Pinkeye in humans and animals --> Trachoma
53
Like ___________, the targeted host cells (tropism) of Chlamydia are:
- ___________ cells
- _____________ _____________
Mycoplasma, epithelial, mucosal membranes
54
Clinical signs of chlamydiosis
MAKePSRRD
55
C. abortus causes Ovine _________ ________ storms and ___________ _______ in sheep and __________ _________ in the cow.
Ovine enzootic abortion storms and purple t placentitis in sheep and follicular vaginitis in the cow.
56
C. pneumoniae causes what clinical signs in humans?
Pneumonia by C. pneumoniae in humans
57
Label accordingly
58
Name the virulence factors of Chlamydia
1. Enzymes
2. Surface structures
3. Invasins
4. Intracellular survival
5. Ability to form three life forms
59
List Chlamydia's Enzymes and list their functions.
* Nuraminidase = digest cilia and mucus
* Catalase
* Protease
60
List Chlamydia's surface structures
* Lipopolysaccharide = escape
phagocytosis
* Outer membrane proteins = adhesion
61
List Chlamydia's invasins
Type 3 secretion system
62
List Chlamydia's form of intracellular survival
Facilitated by their Type 3 secretion
system
63
List and describe Chlamydia's three life forms.
Ability to form three life forms
1. Elementary body = infective
form + means of survival in the
environment for several years
2. Reticulate body = animal body
destructive form
3. Aberrant or abnormal body =
means of escaping treatment
and body defense system
64
The ice-berg concept of Chlamydia infection during clinical disease
Individuals with clinical diseases can
serve as an ice-berg to reveal huge
subclinical infections in the herd
65
Sample collection and diagnostic tests of Chlamydia
1. repro discharge
2. ocular swab/tears
3. nasal discharge
4. milk samples
Serology, PCR, grow on powder/MacConkey agar
Gold standard: indirect immunofluorescent IgG antibody assays.
66
Culture media for growth, isolation, and
characterization of Chlamydia
Must need cell lines...(do not grow on lifeless culture media)
yolk sacs of chicken embryo
Buffalo Green Monkey Kidney (BGMK) cells
The most practical route detection methods of
Chlamydia
1. Serology using polyclonal
antibodies against the
Chlamydia species
2. PCR
67
Treatment of Chlamydial cases
Tetracycline or fluoroquinolone (e.g. enrofloxacin) are generally the drugs
of choice
Doxycycline 100 mg twice a day for 7 days
Azithromycin a single dose by 1 g
* Treatment must start as early as possible and continue for at least 7 days
Antibiotic treatment do not kill
Chlamydia i.e. not bactericidal;
thus treatment induces persistent chlamydial infections
Dr. Reta D. Abdi
Aberrant body
68
Control and prevention of Chlamydia
Chlamydia vaccines are available, but their efficacy is _______________
1. C. abortus live vaccines —> to prevent _________ ________ in small ruminants
2. C. felis vaccine —> to prevent __________ and _________ in pets.
Make sure to avoid ____ contact or _______ of infected animals with healthy herd/flock:
1. ________ quickly,
2. _________, and
3. treat __________ animals
* The following
Chlamydia vaccines are available, but their
efficacy is controversial
1. C. abortus live vaccines
to prevent enzootic abortion in small ruminants
2. C. felis vaccine
to prevent conjunctivitis and keratitis in pets
* Avoid close contact or mating of infected animals with healthy herd/flock
Separate quickly,
quarantine, and
treat infected animals
69
70
The cell wall architect and cell morphotypes
of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia &
Rickettsia
71
Make cards for this (sorry you were tired and wanted to sleep don't be mad at me).
72
The two life forms of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia
– morula within vacuoles in host cell cytoplasm
– dense-cored cells during extracellular
73
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia become _____-_____ cells
until they enter into _______ of an adjacent cell
dense, cored, cytoplasm
74
Reticulate cells (morula) of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia replicate in _______ (like _________ & ____________).
vacuoles, Chlamydia, Salmonella
75
However, Rickettsia neither has ___ life forms nor hides in vacuole (e.g. like _____ & ______)
two, Listeria, Yersinia
76
Why Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, & Rickettsia are obligate
intracellular pathogens?
Obligate intracellular parasites due to two/three reasons
1. The cytoplasmic membrane of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia & Rickettisia is highly permeable
2. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia & Rickettisia cannot produce sufficient ATP for their daily life
3. Anaplasma and Ehrlichia are dependent on cholesterol from their host cell to stabilize their cell envelop
77
Describe the Host diversity and diversity of
Analasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia species
Host ranges are vertebrates but arthropods are necessary
Mammals
Humans
Domestic & wild ruminants
Domestic & wild equids
Domestic & wild canids
Small mammals & rodents
* Birds
Wild, migratory and domestic
* Reptiles
* Amphibians
* Arthropod:
fleas
lice
mites
tick
78
Anaplasma species = transmitted by
ticks
79
Ehrlichia species = transmitted by
ticks
80
Rickettsia species are grouped into 4 based on
a. Distinct serogroups using their _____________
b. Unique ___________ vector for their transmission
c. __________ manifestations (?)
a. Distinct serogroups using their lipopolysaccharide
b. Unique arthropod vector for their transmission
c. Clinical manifestations (?)
81
The clinical manifestations of Rickettsia are as follows:
1. ________ ________ group (SFG), transmitted by _________ ticks
2. ___________ group = transmitted by _____
3. ______ group (TG) = by _______ ______ and _______
4. ___________ group= by _______, _______, ________
spotted fever, Dermacenter, ancestral, ticks, typhus, body lice, fleas, transitional, ticks, mites, fleas
82
Anaplasma,
Ehrlichia &
Rickettsia
require ______ for transmission. why?
arthropods
They require arthropods for transmission because
1. they cannot stay outside of a cell for longer time
2. Arthropods directly deposit them into or near the
bloodstream so that they can immediately infect
blood cells or endothelial cells
83
Describe the transmission route for Rickettsia.
84
Describe the transmission route for Anaplasma, Ehrlichia.
85
Rickettsia and ? have one thing in common?
They attack the endothelium of blood vessels.
86
Ticks hunt animals for blood meal at least ___ times
in their life that has a risk of ___________ (TO) &/or _________ (TS) transmission of pathogens
3, transovarian, transstadial
87
Larval
Nymph
Adult stage
Come to drink blood from animal during these three life stages. Outside of these three times, stay in bush.
88
The 4 top important ticks in the USA medically
Know these
89
Tick predilection site in the host body
1. Vertebrate cells - ______ cells & _______ cells of vertebrates.
- Anaplasma - ?
- Ehrlichia - ?
- Rickettsia -?
2. Arthropod cells - ______ cells and _______ gland of arthropods
blood, endothelial
red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells
white blood cells, endothelial cells
endothelial cells
midgut, salivary
90
91
Anaplasma
in monocyte
92
Anaplasma is a problem of __________ affecting their ____ blood cells except two Anaplasma spp.
ruminants, red
93
Name the different strains of Anaplasmosis affecting domestic and wild ruminants
A. marginale
A. centrale
A. ovis
A. bovis
94
Which ticks transmit A. marginale? What does it result in?
Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Hyaloma, Boophilus, Ixodes
RBC destruction --> Anemia
95
Which ticks transmit A. centrale? What does it result in?
Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor
RBC destruction --> Anemia
96
Which ticks transmit A. ovis? What does it result in?
Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor
RBC destruction --> Anemia
97
Which ticks transmit A. bovis? What does it result in?
Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis
Erythrocytes, Monocytes, Macrophages --> Anemia and Leukopenia
98
Anaplasma
marginale (arrow)
in Giemsa-stained
blood smears of
dairy cow
Red spots = anaplasma marginale
99
Anaplasma is a problem of ruminants affecting their red blood cells except two Anaplasma spp.
Name the two Anaplasma spp.
100
1. A. phagocytophilum infects which species?
2. Which ticks carry this strain?
3. What does infection result in?
1. Almost all mammals, including dogs and humans
2. Ixodes scapularis
3. Neutrophil destruction --> Leukopenia (defenseless)
101
1. A. platys infeects which species?
2. Which ticks carry this strain?
3. What does infection result in?
1. Dogs
2. Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor
3. Platelet destruction --> Thrombocytopenia (bleeding)
102
Ehrlichia is a problem of _________ and _________ affecting phagocytes (_________ blood cells) except?
ruminants, canines, white, E. ruminantum
103
Rickettsia is a problem of humans &
rodents affecting their blood vessels --> ?
bleeding
104
1. Almost all Rickettsia infect?
2. R. Prowazekii causes what clinical disease? What vector transmits it? What species are affected?
3. R. typhi causes what clinical disease? What vector transmits it? What species are affected?
4. R. akari causes what clinical disease? What vector transmits it? What species are affected?
5. Orentia tsutsugamushi causes what clinical disease? What vector transmits it? What species are affected?
1. humans and rodents
2. Epidemic typhus (sylvatic typhus), lice, humans and flying squirrels
3. Murine typhus (endemic typhus or flea-borne typhus), humans and wild rodents (mice, rats, opossums, feral cats).
4. Rickettsial pox, mite, humans and wild rodents (mice, rats, opossums, feral cats).
5. Scrub typhus, mite, humans and wild rodents (mice, rats, opossums, feral cats).
105
Rickettsia is also a problem of humans
& pets affecting their blood vessels
106
What virulence factors of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and/or Rickettsia are used for adhesion and attachment?
Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia all use Outer membrane protein A (ompA) and entry-triggering protein E (EtPE).
Rickettsia also uses Outer membrane protein B (ompB)
107
What virulence factors of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and/or Rickettsia are used for inducing lipid rafts for engulfing on the blood or endothelial cell membrane?
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia use ETpE, clathrin, caveolin-2
Rickettsia uses clathrin, caveolin-2.
108
What virulence factors of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and/or Rickettsia are used for surviving inside vacuoles in the cytoplasm?
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia use early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1), Rab5A protein, Rab7 protein, vacuolar-type H+ ATPase.
Rickettsia does not use any because it does not need to!
109
What virulence factors of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and/or Rickettsia are used for surviving and replicating in the cytoplasm of the host cells to form a micro-colony (morula)?
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia use Rab7 protein, transient receptor potential channels (TRP), and ECH0825
110
What virulence factors of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and/or Rickettsia are used for destroying vacuoles inside the cytoplasm, freely move, and replicate?
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia = none
Rickettsia = Hemolysin C, Phospholypase D
111
What virulence factors of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and/or Rickettsia are used to spread to adjacent cells from infected blood/endothelial cells?
Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia use:
1. protrusion of infected cell membranes (filopodia) to enter adjacent cells without bacteria entering the EC space.
2. Packed blood cell bursts/lysis to spread to the adjacent cells
3. Phospholipase A2 of Rickettsia helps to lyse infected cells.
Rickettsia also uses Budding from the host cell membrane.
112
Morula multiply within ________ in
the cytoplasm of arthropod midgut
or salivary gland and cytoplasm of
vertebrate blood cells.
vacuole
113
Virulence factors of
Rickettsia
– adhesion, internalization, replication & lysis of endothelial cells
tsoshugami??
114
Actin tail to propel to the adjacent cells. E.g.
spot fever group
Rickettisia.... like Listeria
115
Clinical signs of Rickettsia
116
Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia cause which clincial symptoms? List the symptoms specific Anaplasma and Ehrlichia as well. Also list the most common symptoms
"Jab Like Mighty, Hardy Women Because Vomiting, Vasculitis"
All cause:
1. Jaundice
2. Bleeding
3. Anemia (hypoxia)
4. Leukopenia (defenseless)
5. Fever
6. Weakness
7. Muscular pain
8. Headache
9. Vomiting
10. Vasculitis or blood vessel lysis
11. Blood vessel lysis, thrombosis, occlusion, and necrosis
Jaundice = specific to anaplasma too
Blood vessel lysis, thrombosis, occlusion, and necrosis = specific to Rickettsia
Most common symptoms are? Fever, muscle pain, weakness, headache, vomiting
117
List the Clinical signs of Anaplasma
Anaplasma
1. FEVER
2. weakness
3. muscle pain
4. headache
5. vomiting
6. Anemia (hypoxia)
7. Jaundice (yellow urine, yellow liver, yellow gall bladder)
8. leukopenia (defenseless)
Leads to Thrombocytopenia (bleeding)
118
Clinical signs of Ehrlichia
FEVER, weakness, muscle pain, headache, vomiting
leukopenia (defenseless)
anemia (hypoxia)
thrombocytopenia
Vasculitis (heartwater) ...bleeding/Rash!
119
Clinical signs of Rickettsia
Disseminated endothelial
infection (lysis of capillaries)
of ALL ORGANs but critical in
vital organs
* FEVER, weakness, muscle
pain, headache, vomiting
120
Clinical signs of Rickettsia leads to?
1. Vasculitis (lysis)
2. Bleeding from skin (RASH),
3. Bleeding from nose
(epistaxis)
4. hemorrhage into tissues
4. thrombosis
5. blood vessel occlusion
6. blood vessel necrosis
121
organ failure - Rickettsia
Organ failure followed by death
1. Brain - encephalitis
2. Heart – myocarditis =
congestive heart failure
3. Lung - pneumonia
4. Kidney - nephritis
5. Liver - hepatitis
6. Skin – rash
7. Edema
8. Hypovolemia (shock)
9. Thrombocytopenia due to
hemorrhag
122
Ranking cause of epistaxis in dogs
localized problem in nose or systemic issue
123
What samples would you collect and what diagnostics would you run to determine Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia infection?
Well felxi test for ricketssia
124
Culture media for growth, isolation and
characterization
Must need cell lines... (like
Chlamydia,
they do not grow on lifeless culture media)
Tick cell lines
midgut cell lines
salivary gland cell lines
tick embryonic cell line
Mammalian endothelial cell
Human Leukemia (HL) Cell Line
Dr. Reta D. Abdi
* The most practical route detection
methods are:
1. Serology using polyclonal
antibodies against
Anaplasma,
Ehrlichia, Rickettsia species
2. PCR of gltA, ompA & ompB genes
125
Rickettsia and Proteus have similar _______________ antigens
lipopolysaccharide
126
What serology test is used to diagnose Rickettsia infection? Explain the process
Weil-Felix Test
P. Vulgaris OX19 --> Typhus group Rickettsia
P. Vulgaris OX2 --> Spotted fever group
Rickettsia
P. mirabilis OXK --> Scrub typhus group Rickettsia
Mix-well 20 ul of patient serum with one drop of Proteus antigens to visualize agglutination in 2 minutes on slides or test tubes
127
Apply the ice-berg concept during presence of clinical cases and diagnosis of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, & Rickettsia
Subclinical infections are common withAnaplasma spp
., Ehrlichia spp. and
Rickettsia spp
2. Reservoir vertebrate hosts are widely
distributed serving as a source of infection
3.
128
Treatment of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia cases?
chloramphenicol
Tetracycline
Doxycycline– the most effective drug
The most effective therapy for all three kinds of typhus is the antibiotic doxycycline.
129
How can you control and prevent Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and or Rickettsia infection?
1. Kill all via prophylactic use of tetracycline, doxycyline, chloramphenicol
2. Eliminate ticks hiding in habitat/vegitation
3. Kill arthropods each season with
a. Acaricides e.g. pyrethroids:
- spot-on, spray or dust yard borders
and pet kennel areas with permethrin
- Spraying or dipping animals in
acaricides seasonally
4.Boost the resistance of
animals
Vaccine
Feeding
Indoor rearing
Avoid stress
130
Anaplasma, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. = ?for treatment
chloramphenicol and tetracycline for
131
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia do not have?
LPS
132
Rickettsia has _______
LPS
133
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia have minimal ____________.
Peptidoglycan
134
Rickettsia has the classical __________ and ______.
Peptidoglycan, LPS
135
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia have _____ cell morphotypes.
Two
136
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia are ______-cored when outside cell, but __________ cells when inside the cytoplasm.
Dense, reticulate
137
Instead of LPS and Peptidoglycan, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia acquire ___________ for cell wall ________ from their ______.
Cholesterol, stability, host
138
Which ticks transmit A. centrale? What does it result in?
Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor
