Moraxella

Question 1

Question 2

This disease is commonly called:
* A. Pinkeye
* B. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
* C. Non-hooded eye disease
* D. A and B
* E. B and C

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Moraxella bovis
* Appear as Gram- _______ _____
* Not true ____, cells are ___-shape around _____ disk
* Strict _____
* ___________ – oxidize organic sulfur and nitrogen (e.g. amino acids)
* 10 other species – most are commensals, but ________ and ________ sometimes cause pinkeye

Answer 3

negative, diplococci, coccus , rod, penicillin, aerobes, nonsaccharolytic M. ovis, M. bovoculi, Really only effects the eye

Question 4

Answer 4

Moraxella bovis
A true coccus would be perfectly round, these are not.

Question 5

Specific Disease
* Cause of?
* Results in?
* Usually more than ___% of herd infected
* May be _______ flora in _____ respiratory tract
* Transmitted by ?
* _______ and _______ required for infection

Answer 5

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) (bovine pinkeye)

Conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal ulceration, 5, normal, upper, fomites, flies, or dust, Attachment, colonization

Question 6

Answer 6

“Cattle eye infected with Infectious
Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis,
caused by Moraxella bovis.”

Question 7

List the Predisposing Factors for Moraxella bovis infection?

Answer 7

• Sunlight (UV light)
• Breed (non-“hooded” eyelids)
• ***Flies (also involved in transmission.
• Irritation (dust, grass)
• Prior Infection
• Animals less than 2 years old most susceptible (lower
  immunity?)
• Transmission through direct contact with fomites
• Cattle with “hooded” eyelids most resistant
  Hereford’s most susceptible

Bleeds predisposed are ones without hooded eyelids

Protect the eye from irritants

Question 8

1. What condition is pictured here?
2. A) _____ corneal vascularization and early ____ (_____ _____) formation
3. B) Pupil is ____ (_______)

Answer 8

1. Pinkeye
2. Early, pannus, blood vessel
3. miotic, constricted

Question 9

Corneal pannus is subepithelial fibrovascular tissue ingrowth from the _____ onto the ____. It typically results from ______, which may be causes by a number of events such as _____ or chronic ______.

Answer 9

limbus, cornea, inflammation, infection, irritation

Question 10

This photo is showing Corneal _____ due to intraocular fluid ______.
Bright red rim of _____ formation is filling ___.

Answer 10

opacity, pressure, pannus, ulcer

Question 11

______ is present in a localized area of corneal opacity.
Pannus formation does not occur with _______ lesions

Answer 11

Ulcer, shallow

Question 12

A) This photo depicts a small corneal ____ due to _____ healing
B) artifact from ____

Answer 12

scar, incomplete, flash

Question 13

Deep ulcer perforating through to the ________ ________,
referred to as a _______ (could be secondary to ___ infection).

Answer 13

aqueous humour, staphyloma, staph

Question 14

Answer 14

• Healing ulcer that has lost its
  red appearance

Question 15

An opaque, scarred cornea and glaucoma from impaired
drainage of ______ ____
Damage to the optic nerve, which is often caused by
abnormally high pressure in the eye. Chronic inflammation
can cause such increased pressure.

Answer 15

aqueous humour

Question 16

Answer 16

• Secondary infection of the
  eye (endophthalmitis;
  [purulent inflammation of
  the intraocular fluids]) with
  pus in the anterior chamber
• There is pannus formation,
  the cornea is white and
  irregular
• Sight has been permanently
  lost

Question 17

List the Virulence Factors of Moraxella Bovis
* The most virulent strains are known to be _____ and highly _____
* _______ is required for virulence; probably enhances _____
formation
* _________
* ___________
* ___________
* __________
* ___________
* ____________

Answer 17

hemolytic, piliated, Hemolysin, lesion

Pili
* Cytotoxin/hemolysin (RTX toxin)
* Cell detachment factor
* Capsule
* LOS
* Endotoxin; may act synergistically with other toxins

Question 18

Answer 18

The most virulent strains are known to be
hemolytic and highly piliated

Question 19

Pili (fimbriae) are required for ________ to cells. They are ________ and there are ____ types (?). Enhances corneal _______.

Answer 19

adherence, Cytotoxic, two, Q, I, pitting

Question 20

Answer 20

Dark line = pilli

Question 21

Role of capsule in disease _______, but probably a
bacterial ______ function

Answer 21

unknown, protective

Question 22

Pathogenesis
* Bacteria adhere to ________ epithelial cells
* __________ factors and _______ cause “____” or
depressions in cornea.
* _______ infiltrate lesion and cause inflammation – _________ and ________ discharge
* Cornea becomes ?
* _______ may develop and cause rupture of the _____ chamber

Answer 22

corneal, Adherence, toxins, pits, PMNs , conjunctivitis, serous, hazy, edematous, then opaque, Ulcers, anterior

Question 23

Immunity
* Antibodies to _____ are protective, but ____-specific
* Immunity to one strain does not prevent ________ with
another strain
* ____ antibodies are highest in lacrimal secretions, but may
still not prevent _____ disease
* Antibodies to _____ may reduce or prevent disease

Answer 23

pili, strain, reinfection, IgA, clinical, toxins

Question 24

Vaccination
* Vaccinate only if ____ outbreak
* Usefulness ________
* Use strain isolated from ___ so pili are __________ _____
* Live vaccine best? Only ______ are available
* ______ vaccines have shown some promise, but may be too ____
* Requires about __ weeks to get protective antibodies

Answer 24

herd, doubtful, herd, antigenically, identical, bacterins, Subunit, specific, 4

Question 25

How do you prevent a Moraxella bovis outbreak?

Answer 25

* “Animal management is the most effective and economical way to prevent pinkeye. ****Fly control is an extremely important part of pinkeye prevention. Fly control methods include using chemical insecticides, in the form of tags, sprays, or dusts bags; and minimizing fly populations by manure and plant control.”

Question 26

How do you diagnosis a moraxella bovis infection?

Answer 26

Eye swab: culture immediately to blood agar * Gram-negative diplococci * Hemolytic, * oxidase + * colonies pit agar

Question 27

How do you treat a patient with a Moraxella bovis infection

Answer 27

* M. bovis susceptible to wide variety of drugs * Commonly used: Long-acting tetracycline (LA-200®, Biomycin 200®, etc.) and now tulathromycin) best; liquamycin, florfenicol, ceftiofur, tulathromycin also used * RESISTANCE MAY DEVELOP OBTAIN SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST

Question 28

SUMMARY * M. bovis (ovis, bovoculi) * Pinkeye in cattle * Pathogenesis similar to Bordetella

Question 29

Question 30

Continued * Microbiology * Culture from lung grew large numbers of pinpoint colonies on blood agar in 5% CO2 that failed to grow on subculture to blood agar, but did grow well on chocolate agar. * Gram stain showed Gram-negative small, coccobacilli * Sensititre ID-Moraxella osloensis (61%) * BioLog ID-Francisella philomiragia

Question 31

* The agent responsible for this cat’s demise is most likely: * A. Francisella tularensis * B. Pasteurella multocida * C. Moraxella osloensis * D. Francisella philomiragia * E. Bordetella bronchiseptica

Question 32

PCR and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene identified the gent as: Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis (type A)

Question 33

Francisella tularensis Category ___ select agent, BLS-___ pathogen --> Distinguishing characteristics * Gram- _________ ________ **** Obligate ______ * Stain _____ with ______ stain; -___ cells * ________ required for growth of most strains; most will not grow on ______ agar (except F. _____) * Requires ___-___ days for colonies to grow on media

Answer 33

A, 3, negative, coccobacillus, aerobe, bipolar, Giemsa, tiny, Cysteine, blood, novicida, 2-4

Question 34

Specific Disease: _____ * Predominately in ____ animals * Transmitted by ? * Most common in _________; most animals susceptible * ___ and ____ most common domestic animals infected, as well as humans: ZOONOSIS * Lesions are primarily in ______, _____, and _____ **** ___________ ___________ PATHOGEN * Tier ___ select agent

Answer 34

Tularemia, wild, ticks, deer fly, lice, water, and handling infected carcass, lagomorphs, Cats, sheep, liver, spleen, lungs, FACULTATIVE INTRACELLULAR , I

Question 35

Human clinical disease Most common clinical presentation: combination of a ____ ____ and ______ of the closest _____ ______ to the area of infection. At least ___ forms can occur based on route of transmission * Symptoms include ? * ________, _________, and _________ may occur with intestinal tularemia. * If the illness continues, the infected individual will have ______, ______, and _______ get _________ weaker as well as ___ weight. Symptoms differ depending on ____ the individual is infected.

Answer 35

skin ulcer, swelling, lymph node, 7 , abrupt fever, headache, chills, body aches, sore throat, Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, sweats, fever and , lose, chills, progressively, how

Question 36

What disease is pictured?

Answer 36

Tularemia

Question 37

Francisella nomenclature * F. tularensis subsp. tularensis (type ___; primary Tier __ bioterrorism agent) only in ______ _____ (associated with ______) * subsp. holarctica (type ___) ________ (northern hemisphere; also virulent, but less so that type __); associated with ____ * subsp. mediasiatica ( _____ virulent and in ____) * subsp. novicida ( _____ virulent and may be ______- independent) ______; likely a ______ species * F. philomiragia (relatively _______) * ______, and ______ vector: _______ disease and ________ lesions * Can survive in the environment for _________ periods , possibly in _____ and ______ (ticks) as a biofilm. * HUMAN ________ PATHOGEN

Answer 37

A, 1, North America, land, B, worldwide, A, water, less, Asia, less, cysteine, worldwide, distinct, avirulent, Wildlife, arthropod, systemic, granulomatous, extended, water, arthropods, ZOONOTIC

Question 38

List and explain the Virulence Properties of Franciesella

Answer 38

* Capsule (Glycoproteins) * LPS-not an endotoxin-protective mechanism; strains lacking O-ag are avirulent! * Invasiveness: capability to survive intracellularly and disseminate * results in granulomatous lesions * A pathogenicity island has been identified that is required for intracellular survival! * Invisible pathogen: the host does not see it. LPS is not a TL4 agonist. A cytokine storm (finally due to TLR-2 ) occurs several days after infection.

Question 39

List the Compromising factors of Franciesella

Answer 39

* NONE NEEDED! Frank Pathogen * Highly virulent: human infectious dose is ~10-50 organisms; BSL-3 pathogen * Exposure to infected animals * Exposure to arthropod vectors (ticks most common in this country) * D=NV/R ; for Ft, N=10-100 in humans; 1 in mice

Question 40

Immunity to F. tularensis * ________ immunity required for protection * _____ response (?). * ________ cannot reach intracellular organisms, but may have protective potential prior to phagocytosis * ___ cells must kill infected cells

Answer 40

Cellular, Th1 , TNFα, ***IFN-γ, IL-12, etc, Antibodies, T

Question 41

Vaccination * _____ vaccine no longer available for people at risk * Vaccine not used for _____ * __________ vaccines have not protected against type A infections * ______ cells alter their phenotype rapidly (insertion sequences in genome cause _______ and _______ in genes)

Answer 41

Live, wildlife, Subunit, Live, deletions, duplications

Question 42

Diagnosis * Requires _______-______-______agar (except F. novidica, which grows on ______ agar) *___-__ days to grow * However, need BSL-___ lab to isolate, but then must _____ isolate * _______ (most common) * _____ * ______ * _______ disease

Answer 42

cysteine, glucose, blood, blood, 2-4, 3, destroy, Serology, FA, PCR, Notifiable

Question 43

Treatment for Franciesella

Answer 43

Streptomycin or other aminoglycoside and tetracycline are synergistic Combination is treatment of choice Ciprofloxacin and some cephalosporins can be used in humans (treatment and prophylaxis) Avoid rabbits (especially in Martha’s Vineyard)

Question 44

SUMMARY * Invasive, granulomatous disease of wild and sometimes domestic animals * Intracellular * Zoonotic * Select Agent