Yersinia & Proteus Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Which three species of Yersinia are important?
A
Three species are important
1. Y. pestis
2. Y. enterocolitica
3. Y. pseudotuberculosis
2
Q
Yersinia are gram ________.
A
Negative
3
Q
Yersinia are ____ shaped.
A
rod
4
Q
What staining is use to detect Yersinia bacteria on a histological slide?
A
Bipolar staining
5
Q
What can be seen here?
A
Yersinia
Bipolar staining
6
Q
Yersinia can be both flagellated and non-flagellated. If the Yersinia in your sample do NOT possess flagella, they are described as?
Which Yersinia strain would fall under this category?
A
Absent = non-motile = Y. pestis.
No H antigen
7
Q
Yersinia can be both flagellated and non-flagellated. If the Yersinia in your sample DO possess flagella, they are described as?
Which Yersinia strain would fall under this category?
A
Motile (has flagella) –
Y. enterocolitica &
Y. pseudotuberculosis
8
Q
Yersinia has ____ and _______, like almost all Gram negative bacteria.
A
T3SS, siderophores
9
Q
Are Yersinia lactose fermentors or lactose non-fermentors?
A
Lactose non-fermentors
10
Q
Are Yersinia urease positive or negative?
A
Positive
11
Q
Are Yersinia Coagulase positive or negative?
A
Positive, like Staph. Aureus
12
Q
Do Yersinia produce H2S gas?
A
Yes and other gases in the TSI media.
13
Q
What can be seen here?
A
Yersinia (no gas or no broken media
but the media color changed to yellow)
14
Q
What can be seen here?
A
The TSI agar media shown by array changed from red to
yellow as well as the media is broken into two due to CO2 gas production e.g.
Klebsiella.
15
Q
How do you handle Y. pestis?
A
Y. pestis is a bioterrorism agent. Need special permission from the US government.
16
Q
Y. pestis spreads by ____ _____.
A
flea bites
17
Q
How does Y. pestis spread?
A
Spreads by meat ingestion of infected rodents (e.g. rats by cats and dogs).
18
Q
In addition to the ingestion of meat contaminated by rodents, how else can Y. pestis spread?
A
- Also transmitted by contact with infected
secretions or tissues. - Aerosol transmission to humans from
pneumonic plague infected humans or
cats.
19
Q
Y. pestis causes ?
A
bubonic plague
20
Q
Y. pestis killed up to ___ million people in Europe
between 1347-1352 (‘___ ____’)
A
200, black death.
Death by coughing up blood.
21
Q
What can be seen here?
A
Y. pestis
Gangrene of the toes
turned the dead digits
black (black death)
22
Q
Y. pestis is antigenically ________
A
homogenous
23
Q
Y. enterocolitica has how many serotypes? What type of antigens do they possess?
A
70 “O” serotypes
(LPS antigens)
24
Q
Y. pseuotuberculosis has how many serotypes? What type of antigens do they possess?
A
15 “O” serotypes, (LPS Antigens).
25
Y. enterocolitica proliferates
at ________ temperatures
(like Listeria) --> Thus, common cause of ________ in colder areas
of ____ and ______ ______.
refrigeration, enterocolitis, Europe, North America
26
What is the predilection habitat of Yersinia?
Gastro-intestinal tract of:
- animals
- arthropods mainly FLEAS in case of Y. pestis
27
Yersinia is primarily an _____ pathogens, with occasional transmission
to _____ through ____ or ____ contact. Thus, the habitat of human Yersinia pathogens are linked
to and overlaps with
Yersinia in animals.
animal, humans, direct, indirect
28
What can be seen here?
Xenopsylla cheopis,
oriental rat flea
29
Describe the wildlife cycle of Yersinia
Wild/Sylvatic
cycle: flea,
rodents, wildlife
30
Describe the domestic cycle of Yersinia
Domestic cycle:
flea, rodents,
domestic animals
31
The virulence factors of Yersinia are encoded at the high pathogenicity island on the genome or its 3 plasmids.
32
Yersinia - Capsule
1. prevents and promotes
______ resistance.
2. elicits a _______
inflammatory lesion
serum, hemorrhagic
33
Yersinia - Lipopolysaccharide
1. ________
2. _____
3. _____ _____ destruction
Endotoxemia, pyrogens, blood vessel
34
Yersinia- Low calcium response virulence (LcrV)
1. Where is LcrV found?
2. What is its function?
It is present on the surface of
Yersinia
inhibits excretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines,
inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis
inhibits cytokine production
35
Yersinia - Attachment structures
Attachment invasion (Ail) and Yersinia adhesion (Yad) for attachment and
adherence to?
a. microfold (M) cells of gut,
b. peyer’s patch,
c. lymph nodes
36
Yersinia - Invasin protein A
What is Invasin protein A's function(s)?
1. For host cell invasin
2. Bacterial translocation between cells
37
Enter submucosa, attach themselves to DC cells, MQ, Peyers patch, LN. Live inside MQ and replicate within.
38
Yersinia cells traverse the ______ epithelium via _____ cells to the _______
intestinal, epithelial, submucosa
39
Submucosal ______ phagocytose the pathogen, Yersinia, and enter into the ____ system thereby reaching the ____.
macrophages, lymphatic, MLN
40
Alternatively, Yersinia bacteria can be engulfed by ____ cells
M
41
Once in the payer’s patch
Yersinia forms ______
and starts replication
microcolonies
42
Eventually, Yersinia bacterial cells are located in the ___ and can equally form ______ to allow _______.
MLN, microcolonies, replication
43
What are the functions of the Yersinia plasminogen activator (Pla), called ______?
protease
adhesion,
initiates disseminated intravascular
coagulation,
Thrombosis and infarction,
black gangrene,
cause endotoxemia,
spreader of bacteria in lymph nodes
(bubon) and lung
44
Wha is the function of Yersinia's Global Stress Requirement (Gsr) called ______?
Protease
Useful for intra-cytoplamic survival
within macrophages
45
What are the functions of coagulase ?
adhesion, initiates
disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC)
46
What are the functions of Yersinia's murine toxin (Ymt) called ___________ __?
phospholipase D
- protect Yersinia within fleas from any attack by forming a capsule-like
- disseminator of bacteria
47
What is the function of Urease?
survive in the acidic
stomach and colonize intestine
48
What are the toxins injected by Yersinia?
Yersinia outer protein (Yops)
Yersinia stable toxin (Yst)
49
What are the functions of Yersinia outer protein (Yops)?
actin cytoskeleton,
prevent phagocytosis
50
What are the functions of Yersinia stable toxin (Yst)?
enterotoxin to induce fluid and electrolyte accumulation in
the gut lumen (diarrhea & dehydration)
51
Iron robbing/acquisition systems from the host
1. Siderophore,
2. yersiniabactin,
3. hemin storage proteins
52
53
Describe the host range of Y. Pestis
Humans
Prairie dogs
Squirrels
rats
In forest area, y. pestis is maintained for centuries. Bacteria enters amoeba which can infect squirrels, rats, prarie dogs, etc. If you go into forest and get bit by flea, can get bit here. Once bitten, immediately bacteria enters bloodstream. Bacteria multiply in LN --> enlarged, highly painful. This is the bubonic plague.
From LN, go to lungs and cause the pneumonic plague --> millions of deaths; transmitted via airborne coughing, sneezing.
54
Describe transmission of Y. pestis
Airborne = from infected mammals
Ingestion = orally by predation, cannibalism, and scavenging mainly cats
55
Describe the host ranges and transmission routes of Y. entrocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis?
Humans contract this infection by consuming contaminated meat, dairy, fish?
56
Describe the transmission route of Y. enterocolitica
Transmitted by ingestion of oral fecal route. Y. pestis is airborne.
57
Describe the transmission route of Y. psedutuberculosis
Ingestion: fecal-oral route
58
Summary of transmission routes
59
Describe the pathogensis of Y. entercolitica and Y. pseuotuberculosis
Yersina stable toxin causes?
60
In the sylvatic cycle, fleas relying on infected _____, such as ____ and
______ _____, pass the infection to others in the population.
Humans rarely contact these rodents but when they do, the ____ ____ transmits plague
rodents, mice, prairie dogs, flea bite
61
In the urban cycle, rats are in closer contact with humans, and ____ from
infected ____ transmit the infection.
bites, fleas
62
In both the sylvatic cycle and the urban cycle, initial transmissions
result in ______ _____.
Bacteremia with
Y.pestis may infect the lungs to cause ______ plague
bubonic plague, pneumonic
63
Pneumonic plague is transmitted from?
human to human by the respiratory
route without the involvement of fleas.
64
What is the first stage of clinical signs that appear in humans suffering from Y. pestis? Bubonic plague
Does pneumonic plague need flea bite for transmission? No b/c transmitted by coughing?
65
Describe the reservoir animal species of Y. pestis
66
Describe the reservoir animal species of Y. enterocolitica?
All vertebrates
67
Describe the reservoir animal species of Y. pseudotuberculosis?
All vertebrates
68
Y. pestis grows in _____ of fleas if the fleas feed on infected host
midgut
69
During feeding, the flea draws viable Y. pestis into its _______. Then the bacteria multiply and ____ the _______ just in front of the stomach. Later the bacteria force the flea to _______ infected blood unto the host when it tries to _____.
esophagus, block, proventriculus, regurgitate, swallow
70
What are the clinical signs of Y. pestis?
Arrow pointing: enlarged lymph node
71
What are the clinical signs of Y. enterocolotica?
Which lymph nodes enlarge for enteric form? Mesenteric
72
What are the clinical signs of Y. pseudotuberculosis?
Which lymph nodes enlarge for enteric form? Mesenteric
73
What can be seen here?
Which enzyme causes this condition?
74
What can be seen here?
75
What sample types would you collect to isolate, identify, and diagnose Yersinia?
* Sample types
blood culture (plague)
bubo aspirate culture (bubonic plague)
sputum culture (pneumonic plague)
Cerebrospinal fluid culture (septicemic plague)
Fecal culture
Food/water culture
76
What tests would you conduct to isolate, identify, and diagnose Yersinia?
* Serology
* Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
* Bacteriological gram stain, culture, biochemical tests
77
How would you treat a patient diagnoses with Yersinia?
When do you start treatment? As soon as you see it because the bacteria are circulating through the bloodstream.
78
How can Yersinia infection be controlled and/or prevented?
79
80
What are the three species of Proteus causing disease in humans and animals?
1. Proteus mirabilis
2. Proteus penneri
3. Proteus vulgaris
81
Is protease a lactose fermentor? This makes them?
No, pathogenic
82
What happens when we place proteus into triple-sugar iron?
Produce H2S gas (black)
83
Is proteus urease positive or negative?
Positive
84
Proteus is known for _____ smell
because its urease convert ____ to _____
ammonia, urea, ammonia
85
Proteus is highly ?
Highly motile with peri-trichous flagella. Use its flagella for swarming
86
What can be seen here?
Proteus
87
When proteus are in liquid media what do they do?
They swim
88
You can differentiate identical (A & B) & different strains (c) Proteus
spp. by formation of the?
boundaries (Dienes lines)
89
What can be seen here?
A and B = identical
C = different strain
Arrow pointing to? Dienes lines
90
Describe proteus' motility.
1. Known for swarming motility on agar
media/solid surface
2. swimming motility in liquid media
Swarming motility is:
multi-cellular rafts of elongated,
hyperflagellated swarmer cells with
the ability to move rapidly over solid surfaces
91
How many serotypes does Proteus have?
Consists of 80 O-antigenic
serogroups.
mmune evasion includes the
production of the production
of
1. O-antigens, and
2. flagellin variation.
3. ZapA metalloprotease,
92
Describe the host range of proteus.
Humans
Gorillas
Dogs
Cats, feral cats
Pigs
Horses
Donkeys
Cow, cattle, calf
Raccoon dog
Flying fox
Rats
Birds, poultry
Snakes
Alligator
Turtles
Amphibians
Fishes
Oysters
Shrimps
Lobsters
Blue crab
93
Describe the habitat and environment of proteus in humans and animals.
In human and animal:
gastrointestinal tract
Vulva and vagina
Skin
oral mucosa
94
Describe the habitat and environment of proteus in the environment.
Survive in the environment
feces,
sewage
manure,
polluted soil
water
plant
95
Proteus is an Indicator of ?
Fecal Pollution in Water and Soil.
Human and animal feces are probably an important
source of these rods in natural environments
96
List the virulence factors of Proteus
1. Fimbriae
2. Flagella
3. LPS - endotoxin
4. O and capsular polysacchardes
5. Biofilm - self protection
6. Invasiveness
97
Explain the Fimbriae virulence factor for Proteus
Fimbriae – adhesion
a. biofilm formation,
b. auto-aggregation
c. bladder and kidney colonization
98
Explain the flagella virulence factor for Proteus
swimming or swarming (i.e. may ascend to the kidneys)
Two types of motility by flagella (i.e. may ascend to the kidneys)
swarming motility and swimming motility
99
Explain the LPS virulence factor for Proteus
Endotoxin
100
Explain the O and capsular polysaccharide virulence factor for Proteus
O and capsular polysaccharides –
a. swarming facilitation,
b. kidney stones
c. immunoavoidance
d. biofilm formation,
e. sero-specificity
101
Explain the Biofilm virulence factor for Proteus
Self-protection
102
Explain the invasiveness virulence factor for Proteus
internalization into host cells
103
List the enzymatic virulence factors of Proteus
Ureas, proteases, deaminases
104
Explain Proteus' virulence factor Urease
urine pH elevation, kidney stones formation
responsible for kidney stones,
crystalline biofilms, and
possibly nutrition or host sensing
105
Explain Proteus' virulence factor protease
antibodies degradation
106
Explain Proteus' virulence factor deaminase
α-keto-acid siderophores production and iron acquisition
106
List the toxin and protein virulence factors of Proteus
1. Haemolysins
2. Proteus toxic agglutinin (Pta)
3. Zinc and Phosphate transport systems
4. Siderophores
107
Explain Proteus' virulence factor hemolysin
cytotoxicity
108
Explain Proteus' virulence factor Pta
cell–cell aggregation,
cytotoxicity
109
Explain Proteus' virulence factor zinc and phosphate transport system
utilization
110
Explain Proteus' virulence factor siderophores
Metal scavenging iron and zinc uptake
are essential for growth
111
Which of Proteus' virulence factors cause disease?
Flagella elongation
and profuse urease
production are its
potent virulence
factor to cause
diseases
112
Urease of Proteus is the potent virulence factor by converting ____ to _____
in the urine.
urea, ammonia
113
Ammonia changes the pH of the urine to ______; subsequently ammonia contributes to the
pathology by _____ urine pH to promote ______ _____ formation.
alkaline, raising, kidney stone
114
Describe kidney stone formation and The role of urease of Proteus in causing urinary tract disease
115
Proteus mirabilis causes?
Responsible for?
struvite renal stones,
urinary tract infections
Responsible for stones in urinary tract. Penneri and vulgaris are rare.
116
Proteus penneri causes?
nosocomial urinary tract
infections
sepsis
117
Proteus vulgaris causes?
nosocomial urinary tract
infections
sepsis
118
What can be seen in the images shown?
A. Pelvic cavity, urinary bladder. Stone of that size comes out.
B. Stone is made primarily of:
Magnesium, ammonium, phosphate
119
The urease of P. mirabilis is
unambiguously associated with the development of infection- induced stone formation, known
as urolithiasis
120
Proteus species have been
isolated in 70% of cases of
bacteria-induced stone formation
121
Ascending urinary tract
infection and
Proteus
mirabilis virulence factors
Can affect the bladder or forms stones in bladder causing cystitis. When enter urinary tract, swim or swarm outward. Live normally in GIT or vulvar area.
122
List the medically important species of Proteus
1. Proteus mirabilis
2. Proteus vulgaris
3. P. penneri
123
. Proteus mirabilis – the dominant species in causing clinical diseases
Ulcerative lesions in the gastrointestinal tract
Septicemia with suppurative,
necrotic lesions
Septic thrombi and infarction in many organs, mainly in kidney
Nephritis and pyelonephritis is characterized by abscessation and scarring (struvite
renal stones). The renal stones are made up of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate
124
P. vulgaris and P. penneri cause?
urinary tract disease occasionally
125
90% of Proteus infections
occur as a result of ?
P. mirabilis
126
Which diseases are caused by Proteus?
Cause diseases
ulcerative enteritis
urinary tract (nephritis, pyelonephritis,
renal abscess, & kidney stones)
mammary gland (mastitis)
pneumonia
neonatal sepsis
Meningitis
wounds,
mastitis
Ear (otitis)
bacteremia
* Cause food contamination
food spoilage of raw meat, seafood,
vegetables, and canned food
When
Proteus grows in milk, the milk
curds, and then liquefies
127
How do you isolate, identify, and diagnose methods of Proteus?
Urinalysis - analyze urine, pH (pH would be alkaline). Stain urine (would be gram +).
