Acute and chronic inflammation

Question 1

Name the causes of inflammation

Answer 1

Foreign bodies (splinter)
Infections (bacterial/viral/fungal)
Ischaemia/infarction (heart attack)
Physical and chemical damage (acid burns)
Immune reactions (asthma)

Question 2

Define inflammation

Answer 2

The host response to tissue damage

Question 3

Why does vasodilation occur in acute inflam?

Answer 3

To increase blood flow to injured area

Question 4

What influences vasodilation?

Answer 4

Histamine and nitric acid

Question 5

Increased permeability leads to what?

Answer 5

Oedema as fluids leaks into extravascular tissue

Question 6

Vasodilation and increased permeability leads to…

Answer 6

Blood stasis

Question 7

If endothelial cells become injured or contract this causes what?

Answer 7

Extravascular leakage

Question 8

Define main aim of inflam

Answer 8

Recruit leukocytes to area of damage

Question 9

Marigination =

Answer 9

Rbc in the middle wbc near the endothelial cells

Question 10

Transmigration =

Answer 10

Wbc going into extravascular space

Question 11

Opsonin receptors recognise…

Answer 11

Microbes that have been coated with protein

Question 12

Cytokine receptors respond to…

Answer 12

Cytokines

Question 13

G protein coupled receptors recognise…

Answer 13

N-formymethionyl of bacteria as well as chemokine breakdown

Question 14

Aim of acute inflam…

Answer 14

To resolve injury and promote healing

Question 15

Chronic inflam is caused by

Answer 15

Acute inflam (not as common)
Persistent infection
Immune mediated inflam
(parasite/myobacteria)
Prolonged exposure to toxic agen (atherosclerosis)

Question 16

Tissue damage can occur when…

Answer 16

There is a long inflammatory reaction

Question 17

What are the signs of attempted healing?

Answer 17

Connective tissue repair
Increased growth of small bv
Fibrosis

Question 18

Clinical signs of chronic inflam

Answer 18

Redness (rubor)
Heat (calor)
Swelling (tumor)
Pain (dolor)
Loss of function

Question 19

What are the outcomes of acute inflam?

Answer 19

Complete resolution
Healing by fibrosis
Abscess formation
Chronic inflam

Question 20

Signs and symptoms of chronic inflam?

Answer 20

Fever
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Raised CRP
Raised WCC

Question 21

Name the more severe side effects of chronic inflam

Answer 21

Anorexia
General malaise
Sepsis

Question 22

Which type of inflam is short lived and is a rapid response?

Answer 22

Acute

Question 23

Which wbc is dominant in acute inflam?

Answer 23

Neutrophil

Question 24

Exaggerated inflame response can cause…

Answer 24

Allergies
Hypersensitivity reactions
Autoimmune diseases

Question 25

Poor immune responses can cause...

Answer 25

Immunodeficency conditions/diseases

Question 26

Medication for inflam...

Answer 26

NSAIDS Anti-histamines Steroids Targeted biologics

Question 27

No inflam response leads to...

Answer 27

Tissue damage Prolonged healing of wounds + Infection susceptibility

Question 28

Acute appendicitis symptoms are...

Answer 28

``` Pyrexia Raised HR Nausea/vomiting Raised WCC/CRP *If CRP +100, not good* ```

Question 29

Complications of acute appendicitis is...

Answer 29

Possible perforation leading to peritonitis/abscess formation

Question 30

Septic arthritis symptoms are...

Answer 30

Pyrexia Raised HR Raised WCC/CRP

Question 31

Possible causes of septic arthritis?

Answer 31

``` Prosthetic joint Recent surgery/trauma to knee Age RA Immunodeficiency ```

Question 32

Treatment of septic arthritis?

Answer 32

IV abx Joint aspirate Sepsis 6

Question 33

In a minor injury such as a sprained ankle, is the inflam response of any use?

Answer 33

No

Question 34

Rheumatoid arthritis is...

Answer 34

Chronic autoimmune inflammatory condition

Question 35

During rheumatoid arthritis macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma attempt to remove foreign agents which causes...

Answer 35

Health tissue damage

Question 36

Treatments of RA?

Answer 36

Steroids DMARDs Biologics

Question 37

Name a disorder where initially, it is acute inflam but leads to chronic inflam...

Answer 37

Peptic ulcers

Question 38

Treatment of peptic ulcers?

Answer 38

PPI's Abx Histamine receptor agonist