Disorders of growth 1&2

Question 1

Neoplasm is…

Answer 1

A new growth

Question 2

Neoplasia is…

Answer 2

The process in which a neoplasm is formed

Question 3

Tumour is another word for…

Answer 3

Neoplasm

Question 4

How do we classify behaviour?

Answer 4

Benign and malignant

Question 5

Aetiological means looking at…

Answer 5

If the tumour is caused by environmental or inheritance factors

Question 6

How do benign tumours grow?

Answer 6

Through expansion

Question 7

How do malignant tumours grow?

Answer 7

Infiltrates into a tissue it surrounds and spreads to other parts of body

Question 8

Define primary tumour…

Answer 8

Original malignant tumour

Question 9

Define secondary tumour…

Answer 9

‘Offspring’ of a primary malignant tumour

Question 10

Metastasis means…

Answer 10

Secondary tumour
OR
Process by which a secondary tumour is formed

Question 11

What are the two ways malignant tumours spread…

Answer 11

Local or distant

Question 12

Local invasion means…

Answer 12

Direct invasion of local tissues and get stuck to things surrounding their anatomy

Question 13

Distant invasion means…

Answer 13

Via metastasis/lymph/blood

Question 14

Name the routes of metastasis…

Answer 14

Lymphatics
Blood
Transcolemic 
Along epithelium lined spaces
With epithelium

Question 15

Describe the route of metastasis via lymphatics…

Answer 15

Directly invades lymphatics
Tumour emboli filtered out
Tumour emboli then grows in LN

Question 16

Describe the route of metastasis via blood…

Answer 16

Tumour may invade blood vessels
Emboli filtered out by capillary beds and lodge themselves in the liver and the lung
Sarcoma commonly spread by the blood

Question 17

Describe route of metastasis via transcolemic spread…

Answer 17

Occurs via body cavities

Question 18

Example of metastasis via epithelial lined spaces…

Answer 18

Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma of lung

Question 19

Examples of metastasis within epithelium…

Answer 19

Paget’s disease of nipple, vulva and anus

Question 20

Name the particular types of metastasis…

Answer 20

Lymph nodes
Liver (common site of metastasis)
Lungs (common site of metastasis)
Bone (breast can spread to bone) 
Brain
Endocrines
Skin

Question 21

Name the 3 types of malignant tumours…

Answer 21

Cancer (any malignant tumour)
Carcinoma (a malignant tumour of the epithelial tissue)
Sarcoma (a malignant tumour of stromal tissue)

Question 22

Oma means…

Sarcoma means…

Answer 22

Benign

Malignant

Question 23

Name some benign epithelium tumours…

Answer 23

Papilloma (classically used in skin lesions)
Adenoma (glandular differentiation)
Cystadenoma (glandular and cystic elements, classically used in the ovary)
Polyp (mass- can be inflammatory)

Question 24

Names given to tumours depend on what?

Answer 24

Site
Behaviour
Histogenesis

Question 25

Leukaemia is...

Answer 25

A neoplastic proliferation of haemopoeitc stem cells (blood born)

Question 26

Lymphoma is...

Answer 26

malignant proliferation of cells of lymphoid tissue (cancer within the lymph nodes)

Question 27

2 types of lymphoma...

Answer 27

Hodgkins lymphoma | Non-hodgkins lymphoma

Question 28

Teratoma...

Answer 28

arises from "totipotential" cells, producing tissues representing all three germ cell layers Ovary and testes

Question 29

Teratoma of the ovary are termed...

Answer 29

Mature cystic teratomas (benign) *Immature more likely to recur*

Question 30

Precursor malignant conditions are...

Answer 30

Precursor lesions (neoplastic or non-neoplastic)

Question 31

Non-neoplastic premalignant conditions examples...

Answer 31

* chronic inflammation e. g. varicose leg ulcers can lead to skin cancer * cirrhosis of the liver result of chronic inflam and scaring of tissue e. g. hepatocellular carcinoma * chronic ulcerative colitis result of chronic inflam and damage to epithelium e. g. adenocarcinoma of the large intestine * xeroderma pigmentosum e. g.squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Question 32

Neoplastic premalignant condition examples...

Answer 32

*familial polyposis coli- if you have full form FAP you will get colon cancer, carcinoma is inevitable 1000s of large intestinal adenomas *intra-epithelial neoplasia: broad term that covers premalignant stage of many tumours

Question 33

Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia has stages are...

Answer 33

``` Normal CIN1 CIN2 CIN3 Beyond = invasive carcinoma Basis of cervical screening programme ```

Question 34

Tumour grading is...

Answer 34

How bad the tumour looks under microscope- subjective view from pathologist

Question 35

Tumour staging...

Answer 35

Description of how far the tumour has spread

Question 36

Tumour grading only relevant for...

Answer 36

Malignant tumours

Question 37

Tumour grading is spread into how many grades?

Answer 37

Grade 1 well differentiated to Grade 3/4 poor differentiated

Question 38

Problems with tumour grading?

Answer 38

Subjective Poor reproducibility Appearances vary from area to area within most tumours Need different criteria for each histogenesis only modest predictor of outcome

Question 39

Tumour staging is based on 3 main features...

Answer 39

Size of primary tumour Extent of lymph node disease Any blood-borne metastasis TNM

Question 40

T =

Answer 40

Size of tumour T1-T4

Question 41

N =

Answer 41

Extent of lymph node involvement N0-N3

Question 42

M =

Answer 42

Any evidence of metastasis at a distant site M0-M1

Question 43

Size varies with what?

Answer 43

Site of tumour

Question 44

Effects of tumours in general...

Answer 44

Displacement or destruction of normal structures Excess “normal” function Paraneoplastic phenomena

Question 45

Effects of benign tumours...

Answer 45

``` Mechanical pressure Obstruction Ulceration Infarction of pedunculated tumour Infection Hormone production Rupture of cystic neoplasm Malignant change ```

Question 46

Effects of malignant tumours...

Answer 46

``` Tissue destruction Haemorrhage Secondary Infection Cachexia (weight loss) Pain Anemia Paraneoplastic syndromes ```

Question 47

Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 47

``` Peripheral neuropathy Thrombophlebitis migrans Acanthosis nigricans Nephrotic syndrome Finger clubbing Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis ```

Question 48

How are paraneoplastic syndromes caused?

Answer 48

By ectopic hormone production