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Veterinary Physiology > Adrenal Medulla & Cortex > Flashcards

Adrenal Medulla & Cortex Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
androgens

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2
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine

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3
Q

The adrenal medulla has ______ innervation, with preganglionic fibers originating in the ________

A

sympathetic (specialized sympathetic ganglion)
thoracic spinal cord

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4
Q

What cells secrete catecholamines? What do they produce?

A

chromaffin
Epi
NE

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5
Q

Epi acts on which alpha and beta receptors?

A

ALL

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6
Q

NE acts on which alpha and beta receptors?

A

alpha 1 & 2, beta-1

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7
Q

The predominant catecholamine is _____ at what %?

A

epinephrine
80%

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8
Q

What converts NE into Epi? Under what influence?

A

phenylethanolamine-N_methyltransferease (PNMT)
influence of cortisol

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9
Q

Cortisol is made in the _____

A

cortex
so it reaches medulla in high concentrations

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10
Q

Epi is stored in _______ and released when activated by [SNS/PSNS]

A

granules
SNS

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11
Q

ALL epi originates from the _____

A

adrenal medulla

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12
Q

Most NE originates from _____ & ______. Only a small amount from the adrenal medulla

A

sympathetic nerve terminals
brain

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13
Q

What are the target tissues of catecholamines?

A

muscle cells
liver

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14
Q

Most metabolism of catecholamines occurs in the ____ & _____

A

liver
kidneys

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15
Q

What regulates catecholamine secretion?

A

fight or flight responses (danger, pain, hypervolemia, hypotension, anorexia, etc)

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16
Q

What are the effects of catecholamines?

A

increased heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure
redistribution of blood towards skeletal muscle
increased respiration (ventilation and dilation in airways)
increased blood glucose

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17
Q

During fight or flight activation, blood is shunted away from what systems? What metabolically happens?

A

GIT
reproduction
urinary
increase in lipolysis and maybe gluconeogenesis

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18
Q

What are the zones of the cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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19
Q

What hormone is in the zona glomerulosa?

A

aldosterone

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20
Q

What hormone(s) is/are in the zona fasciculata?

Study These Flashcards
A

cortisol - lots of mammals
corticosterone - rat, mouse, rabbit

21
Q

What hormone(s) is/are produced in the zona reticularis?

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A

androgen precursors
DHEA —> dehydroepiandosteroine
andostendoine

22
Q

What is the precursor for all steroids?

23
Q

Steroid hormone production is catalyzed by

Study These Flashcards
A

cytochrome P450 systems in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

Cholesterol comes from…

Study These Flashcards
A

diet
MOST from circulation
some de novo synthesis

25
What enzyme converts cholesterol to pregnenolone?
cholesterol desmolase (using ACTH from anterior pituitary gland)
26
What is the rate-limiting step in steroid hormone production?
conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone - nothing is stored in the cell, so conversion via cholesterol desmolase is a critical step
27
All layers of the adrenal cortex contain what enzyme?
cholesterol desmolase
28
The direction of steroid hormone production pathway depends on presence/absence of ______ to catalyze modifications
enzymes
29
What enzymes are required to synthesize aldosterone in the zona glomerulosa?
aldosterone synthase cholesterol desmolase
30
Which enzyme is under the influence of angiotensin II?
aldosterone synthase
31
What are the functions of aldosterone?
long-term regulation of blood pressure exhibits diurnal pattern
32
The primary regulation for aldosterone occurs via changes in ________
ECF volume via RAAS pathway changes in blood potassium
33
Aldosterone is transported in the BLOOD by
aldosterone-binding globulin transcortin albumin
34
A decrease in ECF leads to a decrease in …? Then leads to an increase in?
renal blood perfusion renin secretion by kidney
35
What also stimulates aldosterone secretion?
increase in blood K+ concentration - depolarizes adrenal cells to open CA2+ changes to stimulate aldosterone
36
The first step towards cortisol (after converted to pregnenolone) is what enzyme?
17alpha-hydroxylase
37
What is the final enzyme in the cortisol pathway? What does it convert?
11beta-hydroxylase converts 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol
38
Cortisol is regulated by what?
hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis CRH - hypothalamus ACTH - ant pituitary
39
How is cortisol transported in blood?
transcortin
40
Cortisol is metabolized where and how?
liver excreted in urine using glucuronides
41
List factors that stimulate ACTH secretion
stress - hypoglycemia, infections, fever (physiological) low cortisol ADH
42
List factors that inhibit ACTH secretion
high cortisol exogenous steroids somatostatin dopamine (tonic inhibition at the pars intermedia in horses)
43
Once cortisol is released, it provides ____ to [inhibit/stimulate] ACTH release. It [quickens/slows] ACTH synthesis, which takes _____
long-loop feedback - minutes inhibit slows feedback hours
44
Cortisol also has a ______ to [stimulate/block] CRH release
long-loop feedback block
45
Once ACTH is released, it provides ____ to [inhibit/stimulate] CRH release.
short-loop feedback inhibits
46
What is the mechanism of action of cortisol at the tissue level?
cortisol binds type II glucocorticoid receptor in cytosol receptor-hormone complex moves into nucleus and binds another receptor on DNA active gene transcription and translation
47
The half-life of aldosterone is ____, and the half-life for cortisol is ______
20 min 60-90 min
48
Aldosterone exhibits a ____ pattern. What does this mean?
diurnal lowest levels of hormone around midnight and highest at awakening
49
Cortisol exhibits a _____ pattern. What does this mean?
pulsatile / episodic Wille keep ~2 hrs before awakening

Veterinary Physiology (26 decks)

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