Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Veterinary Physiology > Renal Review > Flashcards

Renal Review Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Differentiate superficial cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Superficial cortical: glomeruli in outer cortex; relatively short Loops of Henle descending into only the outer medulla
Juxtamedullary: glomeruli larger, which + higher glomerular filtration rates; long loops of henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The glomerulus is a glomerular capillary network emerging from an _______ and exiting via a _______

A

afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Long loops of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons are essential in _________

A

concentrating urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

________ branch from efferent arterioles

A

Peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Peritubular capillaries, in juxtamedullary nephrons, also have ______, which are long, hairpin-shaped blood vessels surrounding the loop of Henle. They help participate in ______

A

vasa recta
osmotic exchange, concentrating urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Water accounts for ______ of BW

A

60% (50-70%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The major cations of the ICF are ______. Anions?

A

K+
Mg+
organic phosphates, proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an ultrafilatrate of plasma?

A

interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the average osmolarity?

A

290-300 mOsm/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In a ____ state, intracellular osmolarity + extracellular osmolarity and water shifts freely across membranes

A

steady

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Volume contraction is a(n) [increase/decrease] in [ECF/ICF] volume, and volume expansion is a(n) [increase/decrease] in [ECF/ICF] volume

A

decrease, ECF
increase, ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give examples of volume contraction

A

diarrhea
water deprivation
adrenal insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give examples of volume expansion

A

infusion of isotonic NaCl
high NaCl intake
syndrome of inappropriate ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does a low renal clearance mean?

A

very little or none of the substance is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is renal clearance important?

A

uses the rate at which a compound is “cleared” from the body (expected in urine) to determine aspects of renal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the equation for renal clearance?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_____ is used to estimate renal plasma flow

A

PAH (volume of blood delivered to kidneys per unit time)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

______ is used to estimate GFR

A

insulin or creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

________ should have zero filtration

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A CR < 1.0 means what

A

either substance is not filtered or it is filtered and reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The major mechanism for changing renal blood flow is by changing __________

A

arteriolar resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T/F: Renal blood flow (RBF) is inversely proportional to resistance of renal vasculature (mainly by arterioles)

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

There are more alpha-1 receptors on [afferent/efferent] arterioles. This [increases/decreases] GFR & RBF

A

afferent
decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What affects efferent arterioles more because they are more sensitive to low levels of this? Does this increase or decrease GFR?

A

angiotensin II
increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
If there is high angiotensin II, what happens to GFR?
decreases because high levels of angiotensin II has a greater effect on AFferent arterioles (low levels affect efferent)
26
ANP causes [constriction/dilation] on [afferent/efferent] arterioles. What happens to renal vascular resistance, RBF, and GFR?
dilation efferent decrease increase increase
27
What effect do prostaglandins have on afferent and efferent arterioles?
vasodilation on both to protect renal blood flow - responding to SNS activity
28
What modulates vasoconstriction of SNS?
prostaglandins and dopamine
29
How does dopamine affect afferent and efferent arterioles?
dilates renal arterioles - particularly useful in hemorrhage
30
In the myogenic hypothesis, [increased/decreased] arterial pressure stretches blood vessels and ultimately [increases/decreases] resistance to blood flow
increased increases
31
What does tubuloglomerular feedback hypothesis ultimately do?
constrict afferent arteriole (macula densa in early distal tubule senses increased load)
32
How do you calculate renal blood flow?
RBF = RPF/(1 - Hct)
33
The amount of substance entering an organ equals the amount of substance leaving the organ is the _____ principle
Fick
34
Is true RPF or effective RPF more feasible?
effective effective RPF = clearance of PAH
35
What is the first step in forming urine?
glomerular filtration
36
T/F: Ultrafiltrate in glomerulus contains water, small solutes, proteins, and blood cells
FALSE NO proteins or blood cells
37
The renal corpuscle is responsible for ________
filtering blood
38
What are the 2 cell types in the glomerulus?
endothelial (large pores) mesangial cells (modified smooth muscle cells located between capillaries; extraglomerular & intraglomerular)
39
What are the layers of the glomerular capillary?
endothelium - no filtering of blood cells basement membrane - no filtration of plasma proteins epithelium: podocytes; no proteins here
40
There is a [positive/negative] charge on the glomerular capillary barrier which helps large solutes be repelled
negative
41
What is the dominant pressure across glomerular capillaries?
hydrostatic forces in capillary blood
42
Which oncotic pressure should be 0?
one in Bowman's space; no protein should be here
43
What is Kf in the Starling equation?
water permeability of glomerular capillary wall
44
Net ultrafiltration pressure always favors filtration [in/out] of capillaries
OUT
45
T/F: The change in GFR depends on which arteriole is affected
TRUE
46
The clearance of inulin is = to
GFR
47
What is filtration fraction
expresses relationship between GFR and RPF FF = GFR / RPF
48
What are some issues with using creatinine as a GFR marker?
only when 75% nonfuncitonal patients with low muscle mass
49
Can you look at BUN to alone evaluate renal function?
NO - look at creatinine:BUN ratio
50
What are some issues with using BUN as a GFR marker?
not produced at a constant rate depends on dietary protein intake measuring during fasting or post-prandial
51
An increased BUN:creatinine ratio means ______ has increased
BUN
52
No change in ratio means that BUN:creatinine ratio ______
both increased/decreased
53
What is good about SDMA?
increases earlier than creatinine as kidney function decreases not affected by muscle mass
54
What portion of kidney action requires energy?
reabsorption secretion
55
If filtered load is less than excretion rate, net ______ of a substance occurs
secretion
56
Where does glucose reabsorption occur?
proximal convoluted tubule
57
What is the type of transport used in glucose transport to the proximal convoluted tubule?
2Na+/glucose co-transport
58
Most Na+ reabsorption occurs where?
proximal convoluted tubule
59
What part of the nephron is impermeable to water?
thick ascending limb
60
What fine-tunes Na+ reabsorption? Where?
aldosterone late distal tubule collecting ducts
61
T/F: 85% of HCO3- by the mid-PCT is reabsorbed
TRUE
62
What is Fanconi Syndrome?
failure to reabsorb glucose, bicarbonate, phosphates, certain aa
63
What is absorbed in the late PCT?
NaCl - paracellular and cellular routes
64
What are the cellular and paracellular routes of NaCl in the late proximal tubule?
cellular: Na+/H+ exchanger; Cl-/formate exchanger paracellular: tight junctions loose and permeable to small solutes; Cl- diffuses, followed by Na+
65
In the PCT, [water/Na+] follows passively
water Na+ is reabsorbed first and water follows
66
If filtration fraction increases, then oncotic pressure in peritubular capillaries [increases/decreases] & reabsorption [increases/decreases]
increases increases
67
Principal cells are for [Na+/K+/H+] [reabsorption/secretion/excretion], and alpha-intercalated cells are for [Na+/K+/H+] [reabsorption/secretion/excretion]. Where?
principal: Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion alpha-intercalated: K+ reabsorption, H+ secretion Late DT & CD
68
Hyperkalemia is concerned with high [ECF/ICF] concentration. It leads to [depolarization/hyperpolarization].
ECF depolarization (hyperexcitable cells)
69
Hypokalemia is concerned with high [ECF/ICF] concentration. It leads to [depolarization/hyperpolarization].
ICF (decrease in ECF conc.) hyperpolarization
70
______ increases Na+/k+ ATPase activity
insulin
71
[Acidemia/alkalemia] is associated with hyperkalemia.
acidemia
72
[Acidemia/alkalemia] is associated with hypokalemia.
alkalemia
73
Which ion's concentration varies by diet that determines urinary excretion?
K+
74
The magnitude of _____ secretion is determined by the size of the electrochemical gradient for ____ across the liminal membrane
K+ K+
75
About ______ of plasma phosphate filtered
90%
76
What transporter in the proximal tubule is for phosphate?
Na+/phosphate co-transporter
77
Which hormone stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption in the DCT of kidneys?
PTH
78
What is the only nephron segment where Ca2+ reabsorption NOT coupled to Na+ reabsorption?
early DT
79
Where is there countercurrent multiplication in the kidney?
loop of henle
80
When water reabsorption increases, what happens to urine osmolarity and urine volume?
osmolarity increases volume decreases
81
What is the goal of countercurrent multiplication?
concentrate urine
82
The descending limb is [permeable/impermeable] to water
permeable
83
The tubular fluid concentration at which part of the loop determines maximal urine concentration?
base of the loop
84
What are the 3 actions of ADH?
act on mTAL to increase activity of Na/K/2Cl cotransporter act on principal cells in late distal tubule and collecting tubule to increase water reabsorption in principal cells acts on inner medullary collecting ducts to increase urea transporter-1
85
What does angiotensin 2 stimulate in the PT?
Na+/H+ exchange HCO3- reabsorption
86
An increase CO2, it will [increase/decrease] reabsorption of HCO3-
increase
87
H+ is primarily excreted by _____
alpha-intercalated cells
88
Which enzyme in the proximal tubule metabolizes glutamine to glutamate + NH4+?
glutaminase

Veterinary Physiology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions