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Veterinary Physiology > Gastric, Pancreatic, & Bile Secretions > Flashcards

Gastric, Pancreatic, & Bile Secretions Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Trace the direct path of vagal stimulation for HCl secretion. (2 pathways)

A

vagus nerve —> Ach —> parietal cells —> HCl
vagus nerve —> GRP —> G cells (first part)

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2
Q

Trace the indirect path of vagal stimulation for HCl secretion.

A

gastrin from G cells —> systemic circulation —> HCl from parietal cells (rest of pathway)

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3
Q

Why won’t atropine block HCl secretion completely?

A

you have GRP in the G cell path

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4
Q

T/F: The cephalic phase is the primary phase of HCl secretion at 60%

A

FALSE - only 30%

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5
Q

What are the stimuli for the cephalic phase in HCl secretion?

A

smelling, tasting, chewing, swallowing, conditioned reflexes

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6
Q

What are 2 mechanisms in the cephalic phase that promote HCl secretion?

A
  1. direct stimulation by vagus n - Ach
  2. indirect via gastrin
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7
Q

What are the stimuli for the gastric phase in HCl secretion?

A

distention of stomach and presence of aa and peptides (PROTEIN)

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8
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms in the gastric phase that promote HCl secretion?

A
  1. distention - vagal stimulation
  2. indirect via gastrin
  3. distention of antrum - local reflexes of gastrin
  4. amino acids and peptides - gastrin
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9
Q

What are the phases in HCl secretion?

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

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10
Q

What is the stimuli for the intestinal phase?

A

products of protein digestion

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11
Q

What inhibits HCl secretion?

A

decreased pH of gastric contents
somatostatin - directly and indirectly
prostaglandins

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12
Q

How does somatostatin DIRECTLY inhibit HCl secretion?

A

binds parietal cells
antagonizes histamine pathway by decreasing cAMP

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13
Q

How does somatostatin INDIRECTLY inhibit HCl secretion?

A

inhibits both histamine and gastrin release

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14
Q

What helps prohibit acid and pepsin damage to gastric mucosa?

A

bicarbonate
mucus

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15
Q

How does HCO3 help inhibit gastric mucosa damage?

A

gastric epithelial cells and neck cells that secrete HCO3- get trapped in mucus
acid is then neutralized
pepsin deactivated

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16
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease caused by?

A

loss of mucus
excessive H+ and pepsin secretion
combination of both factors

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17
Q

Peptic ulcer disease is classified as either

A

gastric or duodenal ulcers

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18
Q

Why do gastric ulcers occur?

A

mucosal barrier is defective - H+ ions and pepsin digest mucosa

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19
Q

What is one cause of gastric ulcers? (Hint: colonizes)

A

H. pylori colonizes gastric mucus and attaches to epithelial cells
releases cytotoxins

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20
Q

Why does H. pylori survive in acidic environments?

A

converts urea to ammonia which increases pH of local environment
binds cells inside of being shed

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21
Q

Why do duodenal ulcers occur?

A

when H+ secretory rate is higher than normal
overwhelming buffering capacity

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22
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

high rates of H+ secretion due to high gastrin
delivery of H+ to duodenum
causes steatorrhea

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23
Q

Why does steatorrhea occur in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

low pH in the small intestine inactivates lipases, so there is no fat digestion

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24
Q

T/F: The exocrine pancreas comprises 90% of the pancreas

A

TRUE

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25
The exocrine pancreas has ______ and _______ components
aqueous enzymatic
26
There is a high amount of _____ to neutralize acid in the pancreas
HCO3-
27
The enzymatic components of the exocrine pancreas digest what
digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fat
28
What is the structure of exocrine glands in the pancreas?
acinus lines with acinar cells ducts lined with ductal cells centroacinar cells
29
What do centroacinar cells of the exocrine pancreas do?
secrete the aqueous portion
30
The exocrine pancreas has ________ innervation
PSNS SNS
31
Pancreatic secretions are [hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic] to the blood
isotonic
32
Fill in the blanks.
1. acinar cells 2. ductal cells 3. Cl- 4. HCO3- 5. Na+ 6. K+ 7. H+ 8. Na+
33
The innervation of the exocrine pancreas involves the SNS which has _________ plexuses. It is [stimulatory/inhibitory].
celiac and superior mesenteric (celiacomesenteric?) inhibitory
34
The innervation of the exocrine pancreas involves the PSNS which has _________ nerve. It is [stimulatory/inhibitory].
vagus stimulatory
35
Where are the enzymes of the enzymatic component of the pancreas?
on the rough ER facing cells
36
After synthesis (enzymatic component of pancreas), everything is transferred to the ______ and stored as ________
golgi zymogens (inactive form of enzyme)
37
_______ are secreted in inactive form
proteases
38
The juice in the aqueous component of the pancreas is [hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic] and contains which ions?
isotonic Na+ Cl- HCO3- K+
39
The centroacinar and ductal cells of the aqueous component make the ______ secretion, then modified by _________
initial transport processes in ductal cells
40
What is on the luminal membrane for the aqueous component of the pancreatic secretions?
HCO3-/Cl- exchanger
41
What is on the basolateral (blood) membrane for the aqueous component of the pancreatic secretions?
Na+/K+ ATPase Na+/H+ exchanger
42
Regarding pancreatic secretions, ______ goes into the lumen, and ______ goes into the blood.
HCO3- H+
43
What ion concentrations are constant regarding pancreatic secretions?
Na+ K+
44
At high juice flow rates, HCO3- is [high/low] and Cl- is [high/low]
HCO3-: high Cl-: low
45
At low flow rates, solution contains mostly _____, ______, and ______
Na+ Cl- water
46
At high flow rates, solution contains mostly _____, ______, and ______
Na+ HCO3- water
47
T/F: Aqueous and enzymatic portions are regulated separately
TRUE
48
Regulation of aqueous portion in the pancreas is stimulated by ______
H+ in duodenum
49
Regulation of enzymatic portion is stimulated by ______
products of digestion
50
What are the three phases regulating pancreatic secretion?
cephalic gastric intestinal
51
The cephalic phase regarding pancreatic secretions is initiated by _______. What nerve?
smell taste conditioning vagus nerve
52
The gastric phase regarding pancreatic secretions is initiated by _______. What nerve?
distention of stomach vagus nerveE
53
What is the most important phase regulating pancreatic secretions?
intestinal phase (80% secretions)
54
Acinar cells in the pancreas is [enzymatic/aqueous] and has receptors for
enzymatic CCKA receptors, muscarinic
55
In regulating enzymatic section of pancreatic secretions, there is a _____ stimulus from amino acids, peptides, and fatty acids
CCK
56
What potentiates an action of CCK for acinar cells in the pancreas?
Ach
57
Ductal cells in the pancreas is [enzymatic/aqueous] and has receptors for
aqueous CCK, Ach, secretin
58
How is secretin important with ductal cells and regulating aqueous pancreatic secretions?
stimulate aqueous HCO3- from pancreas
59
The actions of secretin is potentiated by _____ and _____
CCK Ach
60
Bile secretion is needed for
digestion and absorption of lipids
61
______ synthesize components of bile, flow out of bile ducts into gallbladder
hepatocytes
62
CCK in the gallbladder does what?
stimulates contraction of gallbladder relaxes sphincter of Oddi
63
The liver conjugates bile acids with aa to form bile salts. Which amino acids primarily?
glycine taurine
64
What is bilirubin?
product of hemoglobin degradation
65
The epithelial cells of the gallbladder do what?
absorb ions and water
66
Bile is ejected ______ after a meal is ingested. It is ejected [continuously/in spurts]
30 minutes in spurts
67
Most bile salts return to the liver via _______ circulation
enterohepatic
68
Bile salts are transported from the small intestine lumen into portal blood by ________
Na+/bile salt co-transporters
69
Do bile salts get absorbed?
not normally

Veterinary Physiology (26 decks)

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