Auditory

Question 1

Vestibulocochlear nerve is for _____ and ______

Answer 1

hearing
equilibrium

Question 2

What is the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?

Answer 2

passageways in petrous temporal bone

Question 3

What is the membranous labyrinth?

Answer 3

connective tissue tubes within bony labyrinth

Question 4

What is the membranous labyrinth filled with?

Answer 4

endolymph (blue fluid), similar to intracellular fluid, high in K+

Question 5

What is the membranous labyrinth floating in?

Answer 5

perilymph (similar to cerebrospinal fluid)

Question 6

What is the cochlea?

Answer 6

organ of hearing

Question 7

Define scala vestibuli

Answer 7

dorsal chamber
filled with perilymph
begins at oval window and spirals to apex

Question 8

Define scala tympani

Answer 8

ventral chamber
filled with perilymph
begins at apex and ends at round window
secondary tympanic membrane

Question 9

Define scala media (cochlear duct)

Answer 9

triangular middle chamber
filled with endolymph (K+ rich)

Question 10

Stereocilia of hair cells of organ of corti are embedded in the _________

Answer 10

tectorial membrane

Question 11

When the basilar membrane moves up, _____ are pushed into the tectorial membrane

Answer 11

hair cells

Question 12

What is pulled that opens ion channels in the hai cell?

Answer 12

tip links

Question 13

What ion diffuses into the hair cell and depolarizes it?

Answer 13

K

Question 14

What is conductive deafness?

Answer 14

conditions interfere with transmission of vibrations to inner ear
- damaged tympanic membrane
- otitis media
- tumors, polyps

Question 15

What is sensorineural (nerve) deafness?

Answer 15

death of hair cells, CN VIII, or any CNS system elements concerned with hearing
- genetic (congenital)
- geriatric (age-related)
- acquired (infections, trauma, loud noises, tumor)

Question 16

What is the first order neuron for the auditory pathway?

Answer 16

cochlear n.

Question 17

Where is the cochlear nuclei located?

Answer 17

medulla

Question 18

What are 2nd order neurons of the auditory pathway?

Answer 18

dorsal nucleus of the trapezoid body (superior olivary nucleus) —> decussate —> DNTB or lateral lemniscus

Question 19

The caudal colliculus is associated with the ______

Answer 19

tectospinal tract

Question 20

The medial geniculate nucleus is associated with the _______

Answer 20

primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

Question 21

The vast majority of signals end up in [ipsilateral/contralateral] auditory cortex

Answer 21

contralateral

Question 22

What is the acoustic startle reflex?

Answer 22

reflex turning of head and neck

Question 23

Trace the acoustic startle reflex pathway.

Answer 23

caudal colliculus in midbrain —> rostral colliculus —> to tectospinal tract —> stimulate neck muscles IPSILATERAL to sound

Question 24

What nerves does the stapedius reflex involve?

Answer 24

vestibulocochlear n.
facial n.

Question 25

Olfaction and gustation receptors are _______

Answer 25

chemoreceptors

Question 26

What is the primary afferent neuron for olfactory receptor cells?

Answer 26

olfactory receptor cell

Question 27

What is a gustatory receptor?

Answer 27

specialized epithelial cell ("sense organ") that transducer chemical signals and then sends electrical signals to the primary afferent neuron

Question 28

What does sniffing accomplish?

Answer 28

bring odorants into olfactory areas

Question 29

Sniffing is under [unidirectional/bidirectional] flow

Answer 29

unidirectional flow localize scents expel air to purge and sniff again

Question 30

The [right/left] nostril is for familiar scents, and the [right/left] nostril is for novel or noxious smells

Answer 30

left right

Question 31

Where do olfactory receptors only line?

Answer 31

olfactory epithelium on ethmoturbinates

Question 32

The rest of the turbinate lining is made up of ______, with no olfactory capacity

Answer 32

respiratory epithelium

Question 33

Olfactory epithelium has neurons exposed to ______

Answer 33

external environment

Question 34

Define olfactory receptor cells

Answer 34

primary afferent neuron (bipolar)

Question 35

________ bind to receptors located on cilia that protrude into the _______

Answer 35

odorant molecules nasal cavity

Question 36

List things in olfactory epithelium

Answer 36

olfactory receptor cells supporting cells basal cells

Question 37

What is one of the only neurons that is a stem cell and CAN replace itself?

Answer 37

basal cells in the olfactory epithelium

Question 38

Where does the odorant bind on the olfactory receptor cell?

Answer 38

G-protein coupled receptor

Question 39

What does the G-protein subunit activate which converts ATP to cAMP?

Answer 39

adenylyl cyclase

Question 40

cAMP opens ___, ___, and _____ channels

Answer 40

Na+ K+ Ca2+

Question 41

The membrane in olfactory transduction is [depolarized/hyperpolarized]

Answer 41

depolarized

Question 42

At the end of olfactory transduction, an action potential is generated in ________

Answer 42

olfactory neurons axon

Question 43

What is the first order neuron for the olfactory path?

Answer 43

through cribriform plate to olfactory bulb

Question 44

What do olfactory bulb interneurons do?

Answer 44

process, filter, enhance transmission of specific odorants

Question 45

What is the 2nd order neuron in the olfactory path? Where does it go?

Answer 45

mitral cell axons project to cerebellum

Question 46

T/F: There is a conscious perception before the thalamus

Answer 46

TRUE

Question 47

Where is the olfactory cortex located?

Answer 47

piriform lobe

Question 48

In the olfactory pathway, transmission through the _____ is not required

Answer 48

thalamus

Question 49

What is the accessory olfactory system?

Answer 49

vomeronasal organ that is connected to the nasal and oral cavity via the nasopalatine ducts

Question 50

______ are introduced to the nasopalatine ducts through inhalation in some species and through liquid/mucus in others

Answer 50

pheromones

Question 51

Vomeronasal organ fibers go to ______ and then to the ________

Answer 51

accessory olfactory bulb olfactory cortex

Question 52

What are the sensory organs for taste?

Answer 52

taste buds

Question 53

Taste buds are found on ______

Answer 53

gustatory papillae

Question 54

Taste buds contain what kinds of cells?

Answer 54

specialized epithelial cells supporting cells basal cells (like olfactory epithelium)

Question 55

What contains chemoreceptors in the taste receptor cells?

Answer 55

microvilli

Question 56

Bitter, sweet, or savory uses what?

Answer 56

G-protein coupled receptor (IP3, Ca2+)

Question 57

What does the signaling cascade for bitter, sweet, and savory open?

Answer 57

transient receptor potential channels (TRP) - receptor cell then depolarized

Question 58

Salty has a lot of ______

Answer 58

Na+

Question 59

Sour has a lot of _____

Answer 59

H+

Question 60

What pathway does salty and sour use for taste transduction?

Answer 60

chemicals bind and directly open inotropic epithelium sodium channels to allow H+ or Na+ to enter - receptor cells is depolarized

Question 61

What are the primary afferents axons of the first order neurons in? (what nerves)

Answer 61

7, 9, 10

Question 62

Where is the second order neuron for the gustatory pathway?

Answer 62

solitary nucleus of the medulla

Question 63

Second order neurons send ______ to third order neurons in the ____ in the gustatory pathway

Answer 63

axon projections thalamus

Question 64

In the gustatory pathway, third order neurons project to the "_______" of the temporal lobe in cerebral cortex

Answer 64

taste cortex seems like this pathway is ipsilateral