Ruminant Digestive Physiology II

Question 1

At birth, the rumen is the same size as the ______

Answer 1

abomasum

Question 2

Does a calf at birth have any microbes?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

In a calf (at birth), milk bypasses the rumen via the ______

Answer 3

esophageal groove

Question 4

Calves start to ingest forage and grain at how old? Microbes also appear and the rumen enlarges too.

Answer 4

3 weeks old

Question 5

[Grain/Hay] stimulates more rumen development than [grain/hay]

Answer 5

grain
hay

Question 6

The esophageal groove connects the ______ to the ______

Answer 6

cardia region
omasum
so, it bypasses the forestomachs (milk is poorly digested in the rumen)

Question 7

T/F: The esophageal groove is active in adult cows

Answer 7

FALSE - inactive in adults

Question 8

Formation of the esophageal groove is stimulated by

Answer 8

chemical (milk)
ADH
suckling

Question 9

Rumen fermentation produces a lot of gas. What type of gas is produced the most? The least?

Answer 9

CO2
trace amounts of Oc, H2, H2S

Question 10

T/F: Methane (CH4) is the gas produced the most during rumen fermentation

Answer 10

FALSE - CO2!

Question 11

______ is stimulated by gas pressure in the rumen

Answer 11

eructation

Question 12

What are the two major gases

Answer 12

CO2
CH4

Question 13

Secondary rumen contractions force gas into ______ towards ______

Answer 13

reticulum
towards cardia

Question 14

What keeps digesta away from the cardia so gas can build up?

Answer 14

cranial pillar
reticula-rumen fold

Question 15

What are the 5 F’s of abdominal distention?

Answer 15

fart
fluid
food
fetus
fat

Question 16

What is vagal indigestion syndrome

Answer 16

gradual development of abdominal distention
SECONDARY to rumenoreticular distention

Question 17

What are signs of vagal indigestion?

Answer 17

diseases resulting in injury, inflammation, or pressure on vagus nerve

Question 18

What is Type 1 vagal indigestion syndrome?

Answer 18

free gas bloat/failure to eructate

Question 19

What is Type 2 vagal indigestion syndrome?

Answer 19

failure of transport out of rumen (blockage at reticulo-omasal orifice)

Question 20

What is Type 3 vagal indigestion syndrome?

Answer 20

failure of transport out of abomasum (blockage - impaction or displacement)

Question 21

What is Type 4 vagal indigestion syndrome?

Answer 21

indigestion associated with advanced pregnancy

Question 22

What shape is associated with vagal indigestion syndrome?

Answer 22

papple shape

Question 23

Bloat is another word for _______

Answer 23

ruminal tymphany

Question 24

What is ruminal tymphany?

Answer 24

over distention of the rumenoreticulum with gases of fermentation

Question 25

Bloat is common with what kinds of cattle?

Answer 25

feedlot cattle cattle grazing in high legume pastures

Question 26

Frothy bloat is [primary/secondary] ruminal typhany

Answer 26

primary

Question 27

Free gas bloat is [primary/secondary] ruminal tymphany

Answer 27

secondary

Question 28

What is free gas bloat?

Answer 28

obstruction or issue with eructation of gas

Question 29

What causes free gas bloat?

Answer 29

esophageal obstruction GRAIN OVERLOAD (leading to esophagitis & rumenitis interfering with eructation) interference in nerve pathways involved in eructation

Question 30

What is treatment for bloat?

Answer 30

stomach tube to relieve gas pockets - trocar, cannula, rumenectomy

Question 31

What is frothy bloat?

Answer 31

foam mixed with ruminal contents stable foam of small gas bubbles primary ruminal tymphany

Question 32

Froth produced gets close to the ____ region and puts pressure on the _______ (parts of the body)

Answer 32

cardia diaphragm

Question 33

What diet is common in getting frothy bloat? What kinds of cows?

Answer 33

high legume diets (alfalfa) feedlot cattle

Question 34

What is poloxalene?

Answer 34

anti-foaming agent to prevent froth

Question 35

What is another word for hardware disease?

Answer 35

traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Question 36

Heavy material/foreign objects fall into the reticulum during [primary/secondary] rumen contractions

Answer 36

primary!

Question 37

What are the resulting problems of traumatic reticuloperitonitis? What do they ALL result in?

Answer 37

liver abscess pleuritis pericarditis - all accompanied by peritonitis!

Question 38

How do you diagnose hardware disease? aka traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Answer 38

withers pinch test abdominal paracentesis hemogram imaging

Question 39

How do you treat traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 39

magnet antibiotics rumenectomy

Question 40

Define displaced abomasum

Answer 40

abomasum suspended loosely by greater and lesser momentum in right front quadrant of abdomen

Question 41

What is left displaced abomasum?

Answer 41

hypo motility and gas displacement cause displacement towards left laterally to rumen

Question 42

What is right displaced abomasum?

Answer 42

abomasum rotates counterclockwise and leads to volvulus and ischemia hypomotility and gas displacement

Question 43

What factors contribute to a displaced abomasum?

Answer 43

hypomotility periparturient changes in location of intra-abdominal organs (after birth)

Question 44

How does hypomotility contribute to a displaced abomasum?

Answer 44

high GRAIN diet less motility gas flows into abomasum if fiber mat is absent, then rumen contractions slow/stop, then abomasa contractions slow/stop gas builds up

Question 45

How do periparturient changes in location of intra-abdominal organs contribute to a displaced abomasum?

Answer 45

organs get shifted around after calving usually within 14 days of calving

Question 46

List what rumen pH is determined by

Answer 46

intake of fermentable carbohydrates buffering capacity of the rumen rate of volatile fatty acid absorption

Question 47

What is rumen acidosis?

Answer 47

abrupt increase in readily fermentable carbohydrates

Question 48

When there is an abrupt increase in readily fermentable carbohydrates, what happens with the rumen microflora?

Answer 48

it needs time to transition from cellulolytic to amylytic - so, a sudden diet change upsets the rumen

Question 49

Who is more prone to acute acidosis?

Answer 49

feedlot cattle lambs

Question 50

Who is more prone to SARA (subacute rumen acidosis)

Answer 50

dairy cows

Question 51

What is subacute rumen acidosis?

Answer 51

shortage of amylolytic bacteria allows s. bovis to grow and produce lactic acid (which is poorly absorbed) lactic ACID builds up = pH dropping

Question 52

What grows in subacute rumen acidosis due to s. bovis?

Answer 52

lactic acid drops the rumen pH!

Question 53

Subacute rumen acidosis doesn't have as a severe pH drop and is due to an overall accumulation of _______

Answer 53

volatile fatty acids

Question 54

Acute acidosis is diagnosed when the pH is below

Answer 54

5.5

Question 55

What is acute acidosis?

Answer 55

lactic acid build-up some lactic acid absorption in BLOOD!

Question 56

In lactic acidosis/metabolic acidosis, the overall _______ absorption is impaired with bacteria invading the rumen wall

Answer 56

volatile fatty acid

Question 57

In acute acidosis, the pH in rumen can drop as low as _____ causing _____ to peel (parakeratosis)

Answer 57

4 papillae

Question 58

What are treatments/prevention for SARA and acidosis?

Answer 58

feed ionophores buffers lactic-acid utilizing bacteria